Islam Expands

2. Islam Expands Chapter 10 Section 2

3. Muhammad’s Successors • Muhammad did not name successor or how to choose one • Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr (loyal friend) as first caliph • Caliph = “successor” or “deputy” • New political formation = “caliphate” Muhammad’s father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was named the khalifa (caliph) or “Successor”

4. Rightly Guided Caliphs • “Rightly Guided Caliphs” = the first four caliphs • Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali • All personally had known Muhammad • Known as “rightly guided” because they used Muhammad’s actions and the Qur’an as guides for leadership

5. Concept of Jihad • jihad means “striving” – inner struggle against evil • Also used to mean armed struggle against unbelievers • Abu-Bakr used jihad to encourage & justify the expansion of Islam

6. Muslim Conquests • Muslims eventually conquered Syria, lower Egypt, Sassanid Empire (Persia) • Stretched from Atlantic Ocean in west to Indus River in the east • Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Religious freedom (Qur’an forbids forced conversion) • Christians & Jews were “people of the book” • Non-Muslims paid poll tax & certain restrictions

8. Reasons for Success • 1) Desire to spread their faith • Victories seen as sign of Allah’s support • Fought to defend Islam • 2) Armies were well disciplined & expertly commanded • 3) Non-followers of Christianity & Zoroastrianism were persecuted by Byzantines & Sassanid Empires, so they welcomed Muslim invaders

9. Internal Conflict = Crisis • Difficult to keep unified rule • Uthman murdered – civil war erupts – struggle for power • Ali (relative of Muhammad) v. Muawiya (governor of Syria) • Ali was assassinated • Umayyadfamily came to power • Moved capital to Damascus • Surrounded with wealth, ceremony

10. Civil War – the Umayyads • Umayyads came to power & moved Muslim capital to Damascus • Split between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims

11. Split of Islam • Division over Umayyad rule, office of caliph • The Shi’a believed the caliph should be descendant of Muhammad • The Sunni believed that a caliph could be a ruler who followed the Sunna (Muhammad’s example), not necessarily a descendant • Both accused of misinterpreting the Qur’an • The Sufirejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads

12. Growth of Muslim Empire • Umayyad caliphate set up in Spain • Berbers (Muslims from N. Africa) also settled in Spain • AbbasidsConsolidate Power - replaced the Umayyads as ruler of the empire • Moved the capital to Baghdad (key for trade) • Developed strong bureaucracy

13. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Abbasids failed to keep control • Independent Muslim states arose • For example, the Fatimid Caliphate (Shi’a who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima) • The Abbasid caliphate was connected to the independent Muslims through religion, trade, and economy

14. Muslim Trade • Muslim Empire had access to both land and sea trade • Single language (Arabic) and single currency (dinar) made travel & trade easier • Banks offered sakks, or letters of credit, to merchants • Merchant with sakk from one city could exchange it for cash in another city • In English, pronounced “check”

15. Muslim Culture Chapter 10 Section 3

16. Muslim Society • Cultural traditions combined with Arabic culture • Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge Today’s Goal: Explain the contributions of Muslim culture to the arts, literature, science, math, and philosophy

17. Muslim Cities • Damascus, Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem • Cities symbolized strength of caliphate • Baghdad (Abbasid capital) • Extensive planning • Circular design of three protective walls • Palace of marble and stone at center • Main streets lined w/shops

18. Social Classes & Women • Upper class = Muslim at birth • Second class = converts to Islam • Third class = “protected peoples” • Lowest class = slaves • Qur’an stated men and women were equal in faith • shari’a gave women more economic & property rights • Yet still subservient to men • Some women were educated, participated in public life

19. Muslim Scholarship & Knowledge • The Prophet emphasized learning • House of Wisdom = library, academy, & translation center in Baghdad • Scholars of various cultures worked together to translate texts

20. Muslim Literature • Qur’an is standard for all Arabic literature • Poets praised the Prophet, Islam, & caliphs • Nature & pleasures of life • Ten Thousand and One Nights • Collection of fairy tales, parables, legends

21. Muslim Philosophy • Preserved works of Greek philosophers • “Ideal Man” – blend of cultures The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries, but lastly and especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual life. Ikhwan as-Safa, The World of Islam

22. Muslim Art & Architecture • Muslims discouraged images of living things • Calligraphy  beautiful handwriting • Geometric patterns in woodwork, glass, ceramics, textiles • Architecture represents cultural blending • Great Mosque of Damascus – dome & vaulted ceiling • Great Mosque of Córdoba – two tiers of arches to support ceiling

24. Muslim Medicine • Persian scholar al-Razi (Rhazes) – great physician • Comprehensive Book, Treatise on Smallpox & Measles • Patients recover quickly if breathed clean air

25. Muslim Math & Science • Solve problems by conducting experiments in lab settings • Al-Khwarizmi  al-jabr (algebra) • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)  Optics • Revolutionary ideas about vision

26. Astronomy  needed for religious purposes • Muslim observatories • Astrolabe (navigation) • Armillary sphere