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Urinary System

This article provides an overview of the urinary system, including the kidneys, urinary organs, diagnostic and surgical procedures, and common medical terms. Learn about urinary system functions, urinary tract infections, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, and more.

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Urinary System

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  1. Urinary System Medical Terms Including Diagnostic and Surgical Procedures

  2. Urinary Organs

  3. Kidneys • The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal portion of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column. • Functions: • To form urine for excretion • To retain essential substances the body needs in the process called reabsorption • Filters about 1700 liters of blood daily in the average adult

  4. Urine is produced by filtration of: Water, salts, sugar, urea, creatine, & uric acid • Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons which are the functional units of the kidneys. • Blood Flow enters through the renal artery arterioles • Each arteriole leads to a nephron renal corpuscle (which has a group of capillaries called the glomerulus). • The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is the first place where urine is formed in the kidneys.

  5. Ureters • A tube approximately up to 10 to 12 inches long attached to each kidney • Made up of three layers of tissue: • smooth muscle • fibrous tissue • mucous layer • Ureteral Peristalsis: a rhythmic contraction of the ureter’s smooth muscle which helps to move the urine into the bladder

  6. Urinary Bladder A muscular organ that stores urine Sphincter muscles hold the urine in place Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine before emptying Walls contain epithelial tissue that stretch to allow the bladder to hold twice its capacity

  7. Combining Forms and Abbreviations cali(o) = calix cyst(o) = bladder glomerul(o) = glomerulus meato = meatus nephr(o) = kidney pyel(o) = renal pelvis ren(o) = kidney

  8. More Combining Words urin(o) = urine ureter(o) = ureter urethr(o) = urethra vesic(o) = bladder

  9. Abbreviation Meanings ADH = antidiuretic hormone A/G = albumin/globulin AGN = acute glomerulonephritis ARF = acute renal failure ATN = acute tubular nephrosis BNO = bladder neck obstruction BUN = blood urea nitrogen

  10. Abbreviation of Tests CAPD = Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Cath = Catheter Cl = Chlorine CRF = Chronic Renal Failure Cysto = Cystoscopy ESRD = End-Stage Renal Failure ESWL = Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

  11. Abbreviation Meaning HD = hemodialysis IVP = intravenous pyelogram K+ = potassium KUB = kidney, ureter, bladder Na+ = sodium pH = power of hydrogen concentration PKU = phenylketonuria

  12. More Abbreviations… RP = retrograde pyelogram SG = specific gravity UA = urinalysis UTI = urinary tract infection VCU = voiding cystourethrogram

  13. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests • Urinalysis – examination of the urine • Observe for normal straw color to clear • Observe for specific gravity amounts of solids and waste present in the urine • Obtain by collection of urine into a sterile container • Clean catch – clean urinary meatus area, client voids small amounts into toilet then voids into the specimen container

  14. Abnormal Findings in the Urine Glucose Casts Albumin Phenylketones (PKU) Bilirubin Blood Ketones

  15. Foley Catheters •An indwelling catheter held in place by an inflated balloon in the bladder

  16. Condom Catheter • Condom catheter • External catheter consisting of a rubber sheath placed over the penis

  17. Blood Test • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) • Creatinine Clearance Test • The presence of high amounts of urea or creatinine in the blood shows that the kidney is not properly filtering these substances.

  18. Imaging Tests Cystoscopy: tubular instrument used to examine the bladder Intravenous Pyelogram: x-rays of the urinary tract after a contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream KUB: x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract (kidney, ureters, and bladder) Renal Scan: radioactive imaging used to diagnose kidney disorders

  19. Procedures of the Urinary Tract: Dialysis Hemodialysis: the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine that returns the blood back to the body after filtering. Peritoneal dialysis: the insertion and removal of a dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity.

  20. ESWL Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) The breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body

  21. Pathological Terms UTI = Urinary Tract Infection Nephritis = Inflammation of the kidneys Hydronephrosis = dilation of the renal pelvis Nephroblastoma or Wilms' Tumor = tumor of the kidney that occurs in childhood Polycystetic Kidney Disease = a genetic disorder that produces numerous cysts in the kidney

  22. Terms to Describe Types of Urination Anuresis: no urinary output Dysuria: painful urination Enuresis: lack of bladder control Oliguria: scanty urination Polyuria: excessive urination Incontinence: involuntary discharge of urine or feces

  23. Surgical Terms related to the Urinary System Nephrectomy: removal of a kidney Ureterectomy: removal of a ureter Cystectomy: removal of the bladder Pyeloplasty: repair of the renal pelvis Cystoplasty: repair of the bladder Urethroplasty: repair of the urethra Urostomy: the creation of an artificial opening in the abdomen through which urine exits the body.

  24. More Surgical Terms Nephrolysis = Removal of an adhesion in the kidney Nephrolithotomy = Removal of a kidney stone Nephropexy = Surgical fixation of the kidney Nephrorrhaphy = Suturing of a damaged kidney

  25. Pharmacology Terms related to the Urinary System • Analgesic = Relieve pain • Antispasmodic = Relieve spasms • Antibiotic = Inhibit the growth of microorganisms • Diuretic = Increase urine output • Antidiuretic = Decrease urine output

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