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The Brain and Behavior Outline

The Brain and Behavior Outline. Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses: What does the signal do? Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions. Functions.

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The Brain and Behavior Outline

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  1. The Brain and BehaviorOutline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  2. Functions • Communication • Coordination • Control • Cognition • Complexity

  3. Outline: Start With A Mechanistic View • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  4. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  5. Evolution

  6. Brain Structure

  7. Brain Structure

  8. Brain Structure DRUGS

  9. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: organizing principle + brain-function rel. • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  10. Reflexes • Kinesis (potato bug) • Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) • Reflex: (knee jerk) • Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine • Pineal • Mechanist

  11. Reflexes • Braightenberg: Vehicles

  12. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  13. The Neuron • 100 billion • Varied in size, shape, function • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  14. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  15. Origin of nerve signal • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  16. Generation • Two forces: • Electrical (ionic) • Chemical (concentration) • Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” • Universal in cells

  17. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  18. Action Potential

  19. Movement of a Signal

  20. Action Potential • Cell actions • Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) • Refractoriness • All or none law • Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

  21. Neuron Communication • Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: • Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. • The action potential obeys the all-or-none law: • Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude.

  22. Neuron Communication • Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: • Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. • The action potential obeys the all-or-none law: • Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude. • Frequency signals intensity

  23. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  24. Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? • Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory • Chemical model with multiple & functionally different neurotransmitters • Temporal & spatial summation

  25. Synapses

  26. Release of Neurotransmitter

  27. Synapses

  28. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  29. A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks • Reflexes • Voting behavior • Mirror neurons • Other examples to follow

  30. Reflexes: A model

  31. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  32. Principles and Functions • Cephalization • All-or-None Law • Frequency Coding of Intensity • Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies • Localization of Function (+ Integration) • Topographic Projection (& Distortion) • Split Brain (Crossed Connections) • Connectivity & Functional Connectivity • Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

  33. Brain Structure (midline)

  34. Structure: Central Core

  35. Structure: X-Ray View

  36. Localization of Function

  37. Localization/Topographic Projection

  38. Localization/Topographic Proj.

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