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The Brain and Behavior Outline

Delve into the functions, evolution, and organizing principles of the brain, from neurons and action potentials to synapses and reflexes. Understand how signals are generated, transmitted, and processed in the complex neural network. Explore the fascinating world of brain structure, behavior, and the role of drugs in brain function.

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The Brain and Behavior Outline

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  1. The Brain and BehaviorOutline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  2. Functions • Communication • Coordination • Control • Cognition • Complexity

  3. Outline: Start With A Mechanistic View • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  4. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  5. Evolution

  6. Brain Structure

  7. Brain Structure

  8. Brain Structure DRUGS

  9. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: organizing principle + brain-function rel. • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  10. Reflexes • Kinesis (potato bug) • Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) • Reflex: (knee jerk) • Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine • Pineal • Mechanist

  11. Reflexes • Braightenberg: Vehicles

  12. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  13. The Neuron • 100 billion • Varied in size, shape, function • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  14. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  15. Origin of nerve signal • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  16. Generation • Two forces: • Electrical (ionic) • Chemical (concentration) • Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” • Universal in cells

  17. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  18. Action Potential

  19. Movement of a Signal

  20. Action Potential • Cell actions • Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) • Refractoriness • All or none law • Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

  21. Neuron Communication • Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: • Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. • The action potential obeys the all-or-none law: • Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude.

  22. Neuron Communication • Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: • Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. • The action potential obeys the all-or-none law: • Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude. • Frequency signals intensity

  23. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  24. Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? • Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory • Chemical model with multiple & functionally different neurotransmitters • Temporal & spatial summation

  25. Synapses

  26. Release of Neurotransmitter

  27. Synapses

  28. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  29. A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks • Reflexes • Voting behavior • Mirror neurons • Other examples to follow

  30. Reflexes: A model

  31. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  32. Principles and Functions • Cephalization • All-or-None Law • Frequency Coding of Intensity • Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies • Localization of Function (+ Integration) • Topographic Projection (& Distortion) • Split Brain (Crossed Connections) • Connectivity & Functional Connectivity • Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

  33. Brain Structure (midline)

  34. Structure: Central Core

  35. Structure: X-Ray View

  36. Localization of Function

  37. Localization/Topographic Projection

  38. Localization/Topographic Proj.

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