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10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up. 1. What section of your grade is affecting you the most? (I.e. tests, classwork or notebook). Why do you think that is? *If you are doing good…what are you doing so I can give advice to my other students*
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10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up • 1. What section of your grade is affecting you the most? (I.e. tests, classwork or notebook). Why do you think that is? *If you are doing good…what are you doing so I can give advice to my other students* • 2. Do you know how to study? If so how do you study for tests/quizzes in this class?
10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up • 1. What is the difference between aerobic & anaerobic processes? • 2. What is the abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate?
Chapter 8 Vocabulary • adenosine triphosphate • aerobic process • anaerobic process • Calvin cycle • cellular respiration • energy • fermentation • glycolysis • granum • Krebs cycle • metabolism • pigment • Rubisco • stroma • thermodynamics • thylakoid http://sites.google.com/site/mscalderonsbiologyclass/
Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Section 2 Notes
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases: light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light & Dark Reactions! • Photosynthesis doesn't happen all at one time. • It is divided into 2 main parts
First part is called the light dependent reaction. This happens when the light E is captured and pushed into a chemical called ATP. • Takes place in the thylakoids!
Second part of process happens when ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle). • This second part is called the light independent reaction. • Happens in the stroma!
Basically during the light-dependent reaction, electrons get “excited” (absorb sunlight) and are moved along a conveyor belt within the thylakoid
H2O is broken down providing the E- and H • Necessary to drive the production of ATP
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases Phase I: light-dependent reactions. light energy is absorbed by chloroplasts & converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)
Phase II: • light-independent (without light) reactions. ATP & NADPH are used to make glucose.
Once glucose is made, can be bonded to form larger molecules, complex carbohydrates, like starch
Chloroplasts • Have 2 compartments: • 1) Thylakoid flattened membranes arranged in stacks. The light-dependent reactions take place here! When light strikes them, energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll. • 2) Stroma the fluid filled space outside of the grana, this is where the light-independent reactions (phase II) of photosynthesis occur
Absorption of light by chloroplasts. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which capture light energy. Phase One: Light Reactions
Chloroplasts and Pigments Thylakoid membranes contain pigments that are able to absorb different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the most common pigments. Absorb mostly violet-blue and red ranges of light. Reflect green range, giving plants a green color.
Photolysis • The splitting of water molecules to give 2 H & 1 O happens during the light-reaction (thus it’s a photochemical reaction) • The O is a by-product that we breathe!
Electron Transport • Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane. This causes a water molecule to split. • 1 electron is released into the electron transport system • H+ moves into the thylakoid space • O2 is released as a waste product • Excited electrons are transferred along a series of electron carriers. • The electron is used to form an energy molecule: NADPH.
Electron Transport • http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf
Chemiosmosis • ATP is produced through the electron transport by the process of chemiosmosis. • The breakdown of water molecules provides electrons and protons (H+) • The concentration gradients of these particles leads to the production of the energy molecule: ATP in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Check Point • What important molecule is necessary to begin the electron transport in Phase One? • What molecules are produced in Phase One?
Check Point • What important molecule is necessary to begin the electron transport in Phase One? • H2O, Water • What molecules are produced in Phase One? • ATP and NADPH
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle • In the 2nd phase of photosynthesis, energy is stored in organic molecules, carbohydrates (such as glucose). • This process joins CO2 with organic molecules to convert ATP and NADPH into carbohydrates • The plants use the carbohydrates produced in the Calvin cycle as energy and building blocks for more complex carbohydrates like cellulose for structural support.
Check Point • What important molecules are necessary to begin the Calvin Cycle in Phase Two? • What energy storing compounds are formed at the end of the Calvin Cycle?
Check Point • What important molecules are necessary to begin the Calvin Cycle in Phase Two? • CO2, ATP and NADPH • What energy storing compounds are formed at the end of the Calvin Cycle? • Glucose