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10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up

10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up. 1. What section of your grade is affecting you the most? (I.e. tests, classwork or notebook). Why do you think that is? *If you are doing good…what are you doing so I can give advice to my other students*

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10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up

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  1. 10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up • 1. What section of your grade is affecting you the most? (I.e. tests, classwork or notebook). Why do you think that is? *If you are doing good…what are you doing so I can give advice to my other students* • 2. Do you know how to study? If so how do you study for tests/quizzes in this class?

  2. 10/12-10/15 Daily Warm Up • 1. What is the difference between aerobic & anaerobic processes? • 2. What is the abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate?

  3. Chapter 8 Vocabulary • adenosine triphosphate • aerobic process • anaerobic process • Calvin cycle • cellular respiration • energy • fermentation • glycolysis • granum • Krebs cycle • metabolism • pigment • Rubisco • stroma • thermodynamics • thylakoid http://sites.google.com/site/mscalderonsbiologyclass/

  4. Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Section 2 Notes

  5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases: light 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  6. Light & Dark Reactions! • Photosynthesis doesn't happen all at one time. • It is divided into 2 main parts

  7. First part is called the light dependent reaction. This happens when the light E is captured and pushed into a chemical called ATP. • Takes place in the thylakoids!

  8. Second part of process happens when ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle). • This second part is called the light independent reaction. • Happens in the stroma!

  9. Basically during the light-dependent reaction, electrons get “excited” (absorb sunlight) and are moved along a conveyor belt within the thylakoid

  10. H2O is broken down providing the E- and H • Necessary to drive the production of ATP

  11. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases Phase I: light-dependent reactions. light energy is absorbed by chloroplasts & converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)

  12. Phase II: • light-independent (without light) reactions. ATP & NADPH are used to make glucose.

  13. Once glucose is made, can be bonded to form larger molecules, complex carbohydrates, like starch

  14. Chloroplasts • Have 2 compartments: • 1) Thylakoid flattened membranes arranged in stacks. The light-dependent reactions take place here! When light strikes them, energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll. • 2) Stroma the fluid filled space outside of the grana, this is where the light-independent reactions (phase II) of photosynthesis occur

  15. Absorption of light by chloroplasts. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which capture light energy. Phase One: Light Reactions

  16. Chloroplasts and Pigments Thylakoid membranes contain pigments that are able to absorb different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the most common pigments. Absorb mostly violet-blue and red ranges of light. Reflect green range, giving plants a green color.

  17. Photolysis • The splitting of water molecules to give 2 H & 1 O happens during the light-reaction (thus it’s a photochemical reaction) • The O is a by-product that we breathe!

  18. Electron Transport • Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane. This causes a water molecule to split. • 1 electron is released into the electron transport system • H+ moves into the thylakoid space • O2 is released as a waste product • Excited electrons are transferred along a series of electron carriers. • The electron is used to form an energy molecule: NADPH.

  19. Electron Transport • http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf

  20. Chemiosmosis • ATP is produced through the electron transport by the process of chemiosmosis. • The breakdown of water molecules provides electrons and protons (H+) • The concentration gradients of these particles leads to the production of the energy molecule: ATP in the stroma of the chloroplast.

  21. Check Point • What important molecule is necessary to begin the electron transport in Phase One? • What molecules are produced in Phase One?

  22. Check Point • What important molecule is necessary to begin the electron transport in Phase One? • H2O, Water • What molecules are produced in Phase One? • ATP and NADPH

  23. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle • In the 2nd phase of photosynthesis, energy is stored in organic molecules, carbohydrates (such as glucose). • This process joins CO2 with organic molecules to convert ATP and NADPH into carbohydrates • The plants use the carbohydrates produced in the Calvin cycle as energy and building blocks for more complex carbohydrates like cellulose for structural support.

  24. The Calvin Cycle

  25. Check Point • What important molecules are necessary to begin the Calvin Cycle in Phase Two? • What energy storing compounds are formed at the end of the Calvin Cycle?

  26. Check Point • What important molecules are necessary to begin the Calvin Cycle in Phase Two? • CO2, ATP and NADPH • What energy storing compounds are formed at the end of the Calvin Cycle? • Glucose

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