Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson

1. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson APUSH McElhaney

2. Essay Question Johnson Administration • Essay: • In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.

3. Eisenhower Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels The Turbulent 1960s From the New Frontier to the Great Society Expanding movements for civil rights Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe Beginning of Détente The antiwar movement and the counterculture Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society New domestic programs Tax cut War on poverty Affirmative action Civil rights and civil liberties African Americans: political, cultural, and economic roles The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. Resurgence of feminism The New Left and the Counterculture Emergence of the Republican Party in the South The Supreme Court and the Miranda decision Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs Cuban missile crisis Vietnam quagmire AP Outline

4. Did all of society conform to the stereotypical image of 1950’s “Leave it to Beaver”? • No • Many groups were not included in the “Affluent Society” • Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their vision of society in their Art • The “Beat Generation”highlighted this dichotomy in American society. • Similar to the Lost Generation of the 1920s- • The Beats were a literary movement characterized by disillusionment with mainstream American Society • They emerged in the late 1940’s and though the 1950’s

5. What is the “Beat Generation”? • "I meant beaten. The world against me.“ • “The point of Beat is that you get beat down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a visionary way," " which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul.” Ginsberg, • It’s really an intellectual movement that represents the underside of society- not mainstream-

6. HOWL by Alan Ginsberg • I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flatsfloating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofsilluminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among thescholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terrorthrough the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,

7. Social Critics= “The Beat Generation” • 3 names you should remember: • Jack Kerouac-Novelist On The Road • Alan Ginsberg-Poet “Howl” • William Burroughs-novelist Naked Lunch • Nonconformists, individuals, intellectuals, • artists that rejected the traditional values of materialism and searched to live, live, live the real life, to feel alive…

9. Painter Jackson Pollack • Expressed violent, rebellious intensity

10. Youth Rebellion • James DeanRebel Without a Cause • Symbolized the changes in youth culture • Parent and tension • J. D. SalingerCatcher in the Rye • Young man in crisis • Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music) • Began as African American culture • Usurped by White America first big star • Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Rock Around the Clock)

11. Space Race = arms race • Part of the Cold War-hysteria- • Americans and Soviets build weapons to use in case of war • Soviets were paranoid of an American attack- • Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at all costs • US had hundreds and later thousands of Nukes more than the Soviets • Soviets had more conventional forces- and US had to compensate- (See Dulles- Massive Retaliation)

12. Sputnik-1957 • Soviets successfully launch a satellite into orbit • One even included a dog • US was unsuccessful at first • Significance: • Space Race is really about weapons development • Post WWII- • Nazis developed first jet engines and rockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombs • Space Race is about developing rockets to deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons – • Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

14. American Reacts- to Sputnik • 1958- National Defense Education Act Government sponsors education in science and humanities to support defense • NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration- began as agency for non-military space research and development

15. Cold War NovelOn the Beach • Bleak story of a Nuclear war- • Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive Retaliation doctrine • Coincides with American reduction in conventional forces

17. Nixon visits Moscow 1959 • The “Kitchen Debate”- a discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev regarding economic systems • Later Khrushchev will visit USA • Relations were agreeable on the surface

18. U2 Crisis 1960 • Good relations with Soviets- Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for important summit meeting • US was sending U2 Spy Planes over Soviet Union- • One is shot down- Francis Gary Powers is the pilot- captured and confesses to spying • Causes tension and breakdown of summit meeting with IKE

20. Cuban Revolution 1950 • Fulgencio Batista- American Supported corrupt dictator of Cuba • Overthrown by Socialist- Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Soviets and wants to spread revolution in South America • Regime nationalizes businesses and alienates American government- • Cubans leave to Florida- support anti-Castro movement in US- become very powerful in Florida politics

22. Cuba Continued • Eisenhower administration was not comfortable with intervention in Cuba • CIA did prepare a counter revolution- Cuban exiles were trained – • In 1961- Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) CIA backed counter revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for US support and are refused by Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use American power) • US continues economic blockade (lasting through today)

24. Southeast Asia • Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII • American Support • Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” • 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem • Americans aid the South $ and military advisors

25. Bobbie Kennedy (RFK) • Brother to JFK (Attorney General) • Put in charge of “Operation Mongoose” • Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban domestic politics • Accusations of assassination plots against Fidel Castro • Kennedy will later develop a kind of “Marshall Plan for Latin America” • Alliance for Progress =Loans for economic development- in an effort to prevent communist subversion

26. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 • Nikita Khrushchev- new leader of Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, 1953) • Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to Cuba • Idea seems to be that Khrushchev wanted to prevent an American invasion

27. Kennedy Reacts • Kennedy “Could not permit this unprecedented intrusion into the American sphere of interest.” • It would encourage Khrushchev to further action in Latin America • It would also cause domestic criticism against him by Republicans • Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and prevent any further Soviet equipment/personnel/from being offloaded in Cuba • Tensions rose and Nuclear War seemed eminent

29. Khrushchev • Stopped the ships heading to Cuba • Decided that missiles in Cuba was not worth nuclear war • Negotiated settlement- removal of American missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba • US promised not to invade Cuba

30. Southeast Asia • Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII • American Support • Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” • 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem • Americans aid the South $ and military advisors (Kennedy increases aid and American troops)

31. SEATO • South East Asia Treaty Organization • Cold War alliance similar to NATO in Europe

32. Eisenhower’s Legacy:Beware of the “Military Industrial Complex” • He warned Americans watch out for the influence to the defense industries in American Government- • He saw this as a threat to peace • Felt control of government must remain civilian and independent from industries • M.I.C.= The defense industry, weapons manufacture and Military-

33. Election of 1960 • Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse Nixon (Republican) • 1958 Democrats have large majority in Senate and House

34. JFK and the “New Frontier” • 43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat • Senator since 1952 • Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from Texas) • “New Frontier” campaign program • “get the country moving again” • Close the missile gap • Expand the space exploration • Boost economic growth • Support Civil Rights

35. Kennedy Wins- very close election

38. Opportunism, youth, action, intelligence “Camelot”- Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Bay of Pigs Apollo Program- Man on the moon Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Green Berets Berlin Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights: Freedom Rides Birmingham protests University of Mississippi James Meredith University Alabama George Wallace MLK March on Washington “I have a dream speech” November 22, 1963 Dallas Texas Lee Harvey Oswald Kennedy ushers in a new era of change the 1960s

39. Kennedy “New Frontier” • -- "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier -- the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. The new frontier I speak is not a set of promises -- it is a set of challenges."

40. 1961 Kennedy's Inaugural Address • “We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change . . . Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.”

41. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Warning to the Russians • “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear in burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.” • Significance: • Kennedy would attempt to stop spread of Communism- continue Containment… • Creates Green Berets -military forces- counter insurgency focus • Alliance for Progress –Economic aid for Latin America • Peace Corps –humanitarian and development org.- education, agriculture, health care for third world countries

42. Berlin Crisis 1961 • Khrushchev wanted US out of Berlin • 3.5 million Germans were leaving to the Western side of Berlin- 30,000 per month • Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy by threatening to take over West Berlin • Kennedy responds with arms build up, military build up in US, and commitment to Berlin. • Khrushchev responds with the “Berlin Wall”

43. Berlin Wall

44. Civil Rights Continue in the 60s • May 1961 Congress of Racial Equality- (CORE) organizes Freedom Rides: • Protestors ride through the south to protest lack of enforcement of desegregation laws for busses • Bobbie Kennedy- sends Federal Marshals to protect protesters. • 1962 University of Mississippi-James Meredith desegregates, protected by marshals and troops • 1963, Birmingham Protests: • MLK goes to Birmingham, Alabama to protest discrimination and segregation of facilities

45. Birmingham 1963 • MLK Arrested • Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used cattle prods and ordered police dogs on demonstrators and used fire hoses on children as world watched in horror. • Causes- Public pressure for civil rights legislation. • Local business leaders gave in and agreed to desegregate the big department stores. • King called off the demonstrations. • Significance: Kennedy actively pursues civil rights

47. George Wallace- Gov. Alabama • Tries to resist de-segregation of Alabama University "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." • Kennedy sends federal troops That night, Medgar Evers, NAACP director in Mississippi, was assassinated -- Seen as retaliation for University of Alabama incident

48. 1963 The March on Washington • In response to murder of EVERS JFK announced he would send Congress a civil rights bill which would crush segregation, outlaw discrimination in elections, and give the justice department authority to enforce school integration. • March on Washington, August 28, 1963 • Largest protest in nation’s history thus far; 200,000 • Protesters demanded support for Kennedy’s civil rights bill • King makes “I have a dream speech.”

49. “I have a Dream Speech” August 1963, Washington DC • I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. • I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. • This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. • When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"