Africa

1. Africa HAS 3190

2. Cape Verde

3. Language • Creole and Portuguese

4. Migration • U.S. whaling industry • Famine at home • Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut • 400,000

5. Spiritual traditions • Catholic • Protestant

6. Family • Center of lives • Elders • Women • Neighbors

7. Diet • Katxupa (manchupa)

8. Illness and Death • God’s will • Disabled protected • Active in teaching • Empowering patients

9. Implications • Parents with children • Visits from parents • Intimidated • Adults and children • Internal sadness • Expressive • Wakes and funerals

10. Traditional Medicine • Curanderas or curiosas • Difluxan • Konta d’odju

11. Other issues • Blood • Sleeping (Sangi durmidu) • Dead (Sangi mortu) • Bruised (Sange pezode) • Living Blood (Sangi vivu)

12. Ethiopia

13. Language • 80 dialects • Amharic

14. Migration • Repressive regime (mid-1970s) • Political turmoil in East Africa

15. Spiritual traditions • Orthodox (Coptic) • Muslim

16. Family • Women/girls • Large families • High divorce • Elders (“aunt” or “uncle”)

17. Diet • No meat, eggs or milk (Wed or Fri) • No poultry, beef or dairy before Easter • Muslims and Ramadan

18. Attitudes • Illness is a punishment • Mental illness = evil spirits • Spirits in individuals • Healing appeases the spirits • Evil Eye

19. Cultural courtesies • Elders and hand shakes • Right hand for “clean” work • Muslim men and women don’t touch

20. Communication Patterns • Doctors and bad news • No middle name

21. Traditional medicine • Newborn care • Older men • Fire burning • Stick heated and applied to skin • Herbal remedies • Prayer

22. Female Circumcision • Genital mutilation • Many believe • Defines sexual and social identity • Doesn’t allow for sexual pleasure • Promotes health

23. Other relevant issues • Don’t understand withholding treatment • News of pending death • Spanking children

24. Somalia

25. Language • Somali • Arabic

26. Migration • Escape wars (1991) • Resettlement programs

27. Religion • Sunni Muslim

28. Other issues = Ethiopia • Family • Diet (Muslim) • Cultural courtesies • Traditional medicine • Issues relevant to hospitalization

29. Bush Medicine • Herbal medicine • African-Caribbean culture • Fever bush • Toothache bush • 70% of world’s population uses herbal medicine

30. Sangoma

31. Sangoma • Practitioner of herbal medicine • Belief in ancestral spirits – calling • Trainee = Twaza • Ritual sacrifice

32. Traditional Healers • Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Venda, Tsongo/Shangaan ethnic groups • Holistic and symbolic form • Ancestors give instructions

33. Guidance in Three Forms • Possession • Throwing bones • Dreams

34. Possession • Trance • Drumming • Dancing • Chanting • Provides specific information

35. Throwing bones • Collection of bones • Ancestors control how they lie

36. Dreams • Metaphors

37. Muti • Plant and animal origin • Powerful symbolism • Lion fat = courage • Can be drunk, smoked, inhaled, used for washing, smeared, enemas or rubbed into an incision

38. Sangomas • Far outnumber western doctors • Consulted first (80%) • Charlatans

39. South Africa

40. Health Care • Large public sector • Small private sector • Primary – hi-tech • Nearly 200 private hospitals • Mining industry has 60 of its own • District-based health system

41. Video The Phelophepa Health Train

42. Kwanzaa • African American and Pan-African • Dec 26 – Jan 1 • First harvest – “matunda ya kwanza”

43. Kwanzaa • Ingathering of people • Reverence for creator • Commemoration of past • Recommitment to culture • Celebration of Good

44. Seven values – Nguzo Saba • Umoja (Unity) • Kujichagulia (Self-determination) • Ujima (Collective work and responsibility) • Ujamaa (Cooperative economics) • Nia (Purpose) • Kuumba (Creativity) • Imani (Faith)