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Cold War Strategies

Cold War Strategies. Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation. What Never Changed. Goals: 1. Containment of USSR 2. Avoiding Nuclear War The Dilemma: How do you contain the USSR without risking a nuclear war?. What Did Change. Strategies Intervention (Korea and Vietnam)

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Cold War Strategies

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  1. Cold War Strategies Intervention, Engagement, Confrontation

  2. What Never Changed Goals: 1. Containment of USSR 2. Avoiding Nuclear War The Dilemma: How do you contain the USSR without risking a nuclear war?

  3. What Did Change Strategies • Intervention (Korea and Vietnam) • Containment by direct political-military involvement • Engagement (Détente) • Containment by management of Soviet behavior • Confrontation (Reagan Doctrine) • Containment by challenging the Soviets

  4. The Dynamic • Intervention was the logic of containment in action • Was engagement the result of the failures of intervention? • Was confrontation the result of the failures of engagement?

  5. 1. Intervention How do you fight communism and avoid nuclear war?

  6. Korean War 1950-53 • Limited War • Goals • Weapons • Geography • Talk and Fight

  7. Viet Nam (after 1954)

  8. Strategic Logic Domino Theory

  9. N. Vietnamese Strategy • Classic Guerrilla Warfare • Mao Zedong • “a guerrilla wins by not losing” • Insurgency • Backed by USSR • “Wars of National Liberation”

  10. Containment and Domestic Politics JFK LBJ

  11. The Dilemma of Viet Nam Can’t lose South Viet Nam Can’t do what we need to win Korea WW III? Solution Limited War Coercive Diplomacy (Bombing)

  12. From LBJ to Nixon LBJ says Goodbye Nixon’s War

  13. Shadow of Viet Nam Limits of US Power and Force Wisdom of Intervention Difficulties of Nation Building Nationalism

  14. Biggest Changes • Congressional Power • Foreign Policy Consensus • Vietnam Syndrome

  15. 1. Congress Challenges President in Foreign Policy • War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93-148) (from Federation of American Scientists , see Appendix 3) • The Use of Force

  16. Congress finds its real power: $$$$$$$$$$ • Clark Amendment to Arms Export Control Act 1976

  17. 2. End of US Foreign Policy Consensus? Truman Doctrine: Consensus L R Post-Viet Nam: Polarization

  18. 3. Viet Nam Syndrome http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/PublicOpinionVietWar.htm

  19. 2. Engagement The Post-Vietnam Dilemma How do you • contain and compete with the USSR while • avoiding nuclear war and • avoiding another Korea or Vietnam?

  20. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

  21. Nixon and Henry Kissinger

  22. Why Détente? Viet Nam Syndrome Strategic parity Sino-Soviet Split

  23. Viet Nam Syndrome Nixon recognizes this: Nixon Doctrine Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969

  24. Strategic Parity

  25. Sino-Soviet Conflict

  26. Detente Still containment New Goal: Change USSR behavior Old-school Balance of Power

  27. Arms Control Policy Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, May 1972 • Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

  28. 2. Triangular Diplomacy US USSRPRC

  29. Kissinger to China, July 1971

  30. Nixon-Mao Summit in China, February 1972 Shanghai Communique

  31. China and Taiwan

  32. Détente Collapses:Ford and Carter

  33. Carter Human Rights Focus But… • Iran • South Korea • China

  34. SALT II

  35. 1979-1981 Crises Détente Collapse • Iran • Afghanistan

  36. Iranian Revolution Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlevi Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

  37. November 4, 1979

  38. December 1979

  39. “Arc of Crisis”

  40. Détente Ends • Carter Gets Tough • SALT II Dies • Defense Buildup • Carter Doctrine • Rescue Mission • Vance resigns

  41. Rescue Mission April 1980

  42. Détente collapses Debate Begins • Had détente been over sold? • Was the world changing? • Did the US overreact in 1979? • Did the US under react before 1979, poor anticipation of problems? • Were we too soft on the USSR? (Reagan Answer)

  43. 3. Confrontation The dilemma of • containing the USSR, • avoiding nuclear war, • avoiding direct US intervention, • but pressuring the USSR

  44. Ronald Reagan

  45. “Evil Empire” Speech to the National Association of Evangelicals March 10, 1983 Reagan’s View of the USSR

  46. Alexander Haig 1981-1982 George Shultz 1982-1989 Realist Secretaries of State

  47. The Problems • Third Wave of Marxism • Viet Nam Syndrome • Decade of Neglect

  48. 1. Third Wave of Marxism Ethiopia 1974 Cambodia 1975 Vietnam 1975 Angola 1975 Mozambique 1975 Afghanistan 1979 Nicaragua 1979 Grenada 1979

  49. Solution to Third Wave: Reagan Doctrine Nicaragua Contras

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