HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

1. HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

2. HEALTH • Defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being of a person. • Healthy people are efficient at work. This increases productivity and economic prosperity.

3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH • Balanced diet • Personal hygiene • Regular exercise • Good habits

4. HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD HEALTH ? • Knowledge about diseases, their cause and effect • Vaccination/ immunisation • Control of vectors • Proper disposal of waste • Consumption of clean food and water • Maintenance of hygiene

5. INFECTIOUS DISEASE TYPES

6. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

7. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

8. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

9. IMMUNITY

10. INNATE IMMUNITY BARRIERS

11. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Acquired after birth • Pathogen specific • Present only in vertebrates

12. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Specificity- ability to distinguished many different foreign molecule • Memory • Capacity to distinguish self and nonself molecules/ cells

13. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

14. HUMORAL IMMUNITY • Consists of antibodies in body fluids. • Produced by B- lymphocytes in response to antigen. • Collectively antibodies called immunoglobulins. • Types of immunoglobulins- Ig A, Ig D, Ig E, Ig M, Ig G.

15. ANTIBODY • Has 4 polypeptide chains • Held together in the form of ‘Y’ • Tips of upper 2 arms bind to antigen and form antigen-antibody complex. • Two chains are long (heavy or H) and 2 are short Light or L) chains. • So the antibody referred to as H2L2.

16. AN ANTIBODY MOLECULE

17. ANTIBODY MOLECULE

18. ANTIBODY MOLECULE

19. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY • Mediated by T lymphocytes • Two groups of lymphocytes- cytotoxic/ killer T cells and helper T cells. • Killer T cells kill specific target cell by various mechanisms.

20. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY • Helper T cells activate specific B cells to produce antibodies. • T lymphocytes responsible for graft rejection.

21. ACTIVE VS PASIVE IMMUNITY

22. IMMUNE RESPONSE Primary immune response- • Immunity developed in the body due to first encounter with an antigen. • Takes longer time to develop • It is feeble and declines rapidly. Secondary immune response- • Produced by memory cells, formed during primary response. • Heightened immune response in a shorter time. • Stays for longer time.

23. VACCINATION AND IMMUNISATION • Based on memory of immune system. • Generates antibodies that neutralise toxin or pathogen. • Produce memory cells.

24. ALLERGY • Hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to certain antigens of environment. • Allergen is the substance that cause allergy. • The antibodies produced in response to allergen is Ig E type. • Common symptoms- sneezing, watery eyes, rashes, running nose, difficulty in breathing.

25. LYMPHOID ORGAN

26. AIDS-TRANSMISSION • By sexual contact with the infected person. • Transfusion of contaminated blood. • Sharing infected needles. • Infected mother to child through placenta.

27. HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS • Who multiple sexual partner • Drug addict (taking drugs intravenously) • Repeated blood transfusion persons • Children born to an infected woman

28. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

29. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

30. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV • Virus enters into the body, enters macrophages. • RNA of virus replicates into DNA by reverse transcriptage. • Viral DNA incorporates with cell DNA. • Infected macrophage cell produce virus particles.

31. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV • Virus then enters helper T cells, replicates and form progeny viruses. • Progeny viruses attack other T cells, thus no. of T cells decrease in blood. • The person is unable to protect himself/herself from infection.

32. PREVENTION OF AIDS • NACO and NGO are trying to educate people about AIDS. Steps taken by WHO- • Use of disposal needles • Checking blood for HIV • Free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex

33. PREVENTION OF AIDS • Controlling drug abuse • Regular checkup for HIV in susceptible populations • Diagnosing AIDS by ELISA test • Treatment with anti- retroviral drugs( partially effective)

34. CANCER- CAUSES • Due to physical, chemical and biological agents which bring about uncontrolled proliferation of cells. • Physical carcinogen – UV ray, X ray, gamma ray • Chemical carcinogen – aniline rays, chemicals of tobacco • Tumor viruses (oncogenic virus)

35. CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS • Breaking down of regulatory mechanism which control normal cell growth. • So, uncontrolled cell division and differention. • Do not show contact inhibition. • Show metastasis

36. BENIGN Remain confined in their original location Do not spread Cause little damage MALIGNANT Proliferating cells, grow rapidly. Cells show metastasis Cause more damage TYPES OF TUMOUR

37. DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER • Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue • Blood and bone marrow test (for leukemia) • MRI, CT scan or radiography • Use of antibodies against cancer specific antigen

38. TREATMENT OF CANCER • Surgery • Radio therapy • Chemotherapy • Immunotherapy

39. DRUGS • Kinds of drugs • Opioids • Cannabinoids • Coca-alkanoids • Barbiturates • Amphetamines • Benzodiazepines • LSD

40. PREVENTION OF DRUGS • Avoid undue peer pressure • Educating and counseling to face problems, stress, to accept failure etc • Help from parents and peers • Professional and medical help

41. THIS PRESENTATION WAS BROUGHT TO YOU BY: "The belief in a thing makes it happen." - Frank Lloyd Wright