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Understanding Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

Learn about key organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, their structures, functions and roles in the body. Explore how enzymes work and the importance of these molecules in biological systems.

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Understanding Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

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  1. Organic Compounds

  2. Carbohydrates • Include sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose • Made from Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen • Usually 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O) • Divided into groups based on their size

  3. Monosaccharides • AKA simple sugars • Building block of carbohydrates • Source of chemical energy for generating ATP • Part of the structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

  4. Disaccharides • AKA simple sugars • 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis • EX – sucrose (table sugar) is glucose and fructose

  5. Polysaccharides • AKA complex carbohydrates • Contain tens or hundreds of monosaccharides • Can be broken down by hydrolysis • Main polysaccharide in the human body is glycogen

  6. Glycogen • Made entirely of glucose molecules joined in branching chains • Stored in the Liver and Skeletal Muscles • Can be broken down when energy demands in the body are high

  7. Lipids (Fats) • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen • Proportion of Oxygen is usually lower than in carbohydrates • Not as many polar bonds so they are not soluble in water • Include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)

  8. Triglycerides • Most plentiful lipid in the body • Most highly concentrated form of energy • Adipose Tissue = Fat Tissue • Excess dietary carbohydrates, fats and protein are all deposited in adipose tissue

  9. Glycerol – backbone of a triglyceride • Fatty Acid Chain – 3 connect to the glycerol

  10. Fatty Acids • Saturated – contain only single covalent bonds between carbons • Unsaturated contain 1 or more double bonds between carbons • Monounsaturated – only 1 double bond • Polyunsaturated – more than 1 double bond

  11. A saturated fat has straight carbon chains

  12. Double bonds cause the carbon chains to bend in an unsaturated fat

  13. Phospholipids • The lipids you find in the cell membrane • Glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

  14. Steroids • Rings of 4 carbons rather than chains • Cholesterol is the steroid from which other steroids are made • Examples: esterdiol, testosterone, cortisol and Vitamin D

  15. Protein • Large molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur • Building Blocks are Amino Acids

  16. Amino Acids

  17. Amino Group • --NH2

  18. Carboxyl Group • --COOH

  19. “R” Group (Radical Group) • 20 different side chains that determine which amino acid the molecule will be

  20. Peptide • The union of 2 or more amino acids • Dipeptide = 2 aa • Tripeptide = 3 aa • Polypeptide = lots of aa

  21. Peptide Bond • The bond formed between 2 amino acids

  22. Protein • A protein is a polypeptide that can contain as few as 50 aa’s or as many as 2000 aa’s • The variation in the number and sequence of aa’s produces a different protein

  23. Protein Structures • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  24. Denaturation • If temperature, pH or ion concentration is altered, a protein may unravel and lose it shape • If a protein changes shape (is denatured) it is no longer functional because… • SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION!

  25. Enzymes • Protein Catalyst • A substance that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered • Names of catalysts generally end in -ase • Ex. Kinase, dehydrogenase, amylase

  26. Properties of Enzymes • Specificity – each particular enzyme catalyze a particular chemical reaction • Lock and Key • Efficiency – under optimal conditions, enzymes can catalyze reactions at rates millions of times that of an uncatalyzed reation. • Control – rate of synthesis is under the control of the cell’s genes

  27. Enzyme Activity

  28. Enzyme Vocab • Substrate – the molecule on which the enzyme acts • Products – molecule(s) produced by the reaction • Cofactor/Coenzyme – a nonprotein substance that some enzymes require to operate properly • Active Site – the particular spot on the enzyme molecule that catalyzes the reaction • Enzyme-Substrate Complex – a temporary compound formed when the enzyme and substrate bind

  29. Review of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Building blocks = monosaccharides • Lipids (Triglycerides) • Building Blocks = glycerol and fatty acids • Proteins • Building Blocks = amino acids

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