Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1. Reformation and Counter-Reformation Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High School

2. The Condition of the Church (ca. 1400-1517) • Babylonian Captivity • Great Schism • Erasmus: Praise of Folly

3. Abuses • Clerical immorality • Clerical ignorance • Pluralism • Simony • Nepotism • Sale of Indulgences • Sale of Dispensations

4. Renaissance Popes • Worldly, dissolute, greedy for money • Sixtus IV • Alexander VI • Julius II

5. Popular Piety • Brethren of the Common Life • Thomas a Kempis • Imitation of Christ

6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Johann Tetzel and Indulgences • October 31, 1517: The Ninety Five Theses

7. Martin Luther • Sola Scriptura • Luther asserts no Biblical basis for indulgences • In debate at Leipzig in 1519, Luther denied both the authority of the pope and the infallibility of a general council,

8. Martin Luther • On the Freedom of the Christian Man repeats “by grace are ye saved and not by works” • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church attacked use of the sacraments as a means to keep men from Scriptural truth and to control the means of salvation

9. Diet of Worms 1521 • “Unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scripture or by plain reason–for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or the councils alone, since it established that they have often erred and contradicted themselves–I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen”

10. Confession of Augsburg 1530 • Salvation is by faith alone “By grace are ye saved, and not be works, lest any man boast.” • Sola Scriptura: Authority rests with the Word of God as revealed in the Bible alone • The Church is the entire community of believers, not just the clergy

11. Confession of Augsburg 1530 • There is a spiritual priesthood of all believers • All vocations are equally valuable, whether secular or spiritual, the idea to approach each vocation “as to God” (thus the Protestant Work Ethic)

12. Three Sacraments • Baptism • Penance • Eucharist • Rejects Transubstantiation • Adopts Consubstantiation • (Zwinglians reject both and adopt Memorial)

13. Social Implications of Lutheranism • City governments resented clerical privileges and immunities and had endowed preacherships to fill the void left by corrupt clergy. • These men gravitated toward Luther.

14. Luther and the Peasants • On Christian Liberty (1520) “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none.”

15. The Twelve Articles • Thomas Münzer • nobles had seized common lands • new rents on manorial properties • new services on peasants imposed • imposed unjust death duties

16. Luther and the Peasants • Admonition to Peace 1520 • “Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants “ 1525 • Luther equates obedience to legally constituted secular authority as obedience to God. Church is subordinated to state.

17. Luther and the Peasants • Government is established by God and lawful obedience is required. Luther equates obedience to legally constituted secular authority as obedience to God.

18. Luther and the Peasants • The Church is subordinated to state. Government is established by God and lawful obedience is required.

19. The rabbits capturing the hunters

20. Injustice

21. Luther and the Printing Press • Luther’s skill at language–Luther Bible is the basis for modern High German • Hymns, psalms, catechisms

22. Protestant Practices • Practices involved • a more personal faith, • importance of Scripture, • end of elaborate ceremonies • –all reforms advocated by Northern Humanists

23. Luther and Women • His own marriage was very happy and companionate • End of monasticism exalts the home • Ended concubinage to clergy

24. Luther and Women • Home as a haven of peace–beginning of a clear separation of spheres • Women’s place is Kinder, Küche, und Kirche • Schools and education for women

25. Germany and the Reformation • Golden Bull left Germany as an aristocratic federation • Local rulers joined Luther for political, economic, and social reasons

26. Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty • Marriage of Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477 • War with Louis XI over Burgundy ending with Treaty of Arras 1482 • German princes began to resent Habsburg dominance

27. Habsburgs and France begin a series of wars, with Germany the most common battleground • Sack of Rome in 1527 by Imperial troops one consequence • Maximilian and Mary have Philip of Burgundy who married Joanna of Castile (Juana la Loca).

28. Their son Charles V (r. 1519-1556) inherits the Habsburg lands and Spanish empire. • Charles V subordinated revenues and soldiers from Germany and the Low countries to imperial interests

29. The Political Impact of Luther’s Ideas • It was assumed that a state required religious uniformity • Luther’s Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) urged princes to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth, abolish clerical celibacy, indulgences, dispensations

30. The Political Impact of Luther’s Ideas • Attacks the financial exploitation of Germany • German princes refused to enforce condemnation of Luther in 1521

31. Reasons for a Slow Imperial Response • Theological differences become linked to political ambition and finances • Charles was distracted by his Flemish, Spanish, American and Italian territories, plus the threat of the Turks

32. Imperial Response • Turks besieged Vienna in 1529 • Ferdinand (Charles’ brother) needed Protestants against them

33. Hapsburg-Valois Wars • Charles V fought five wars with the Valois between 1521 and 1555 • The key to French policy was to keep Germany divided • The Habsburg - Valois wars helped Protestantism

34. The Imperial Response • After the defeat of the Turks at Vienna, Charles turns on the Protestant princes. • Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in 1531 • The League allies with France in 1552 and forces a peace

35. Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Each prince determines religion of his territory • cuius regio, eius religio • Recognizes Lutherans and Catholics • Churches were state churches and dissidents had to leave

36. John Calvin (1509-1564) • Geneva 1541 “A city that was a church” model community • The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1559

37. Key Ideas • T Total Depravity • U Unconditional Salvation • L Limited Atonement • I Irresistible Grace • P Preservation of the Saints

38. Key Ideas • Predestination • Sovereignty of God

39. Calvinism • Geneva Consistory –laymen and pastors • Supervised conduct closely • all municipalities did this, just not to this degree • Dancing, card playing, drunkenness, quarreling, absence from sermons all could be punished.

40. Calvin and women • Exalted marriage • Stressed husband’s authority and wife duty to obey

41. Calvinism and Women • Marriage outlet for sexual urges, which they thought was stronger in women • Some well-to-do women took over the secularized role of welfare (schools, orphanages, dowries, provide for widows)

42. Protestant Work Ethic • Doctrine of Calling dignified all work and gave a strong economic activism to them

43. The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation • Class basis–peasants, artisans, laborers • .Rejected infant baptism • Only a few people receive an inner light

44. The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation • The Christian community and the Christian state are not identical • Accepted religious toleration

45. The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation • Each congregation independent • Women accepted into the ministry • Shared goods • Pacifists

46. The Anabaptists: Left Wing of the Reformation • Rejected public offices • Attracted the poor, unemployed,, uneducated, esp. from depressed urban areas

47. Siege of Münster • Anabaptists gained control of the cit • )Expelled non-believers and seized their property • Allowed polygamy (a lot more women than men) • allowed women to become priests • City taken in siege and brutally sacked

48. Opposition to the Anabaptists • Zwingli, Luther, Calvin and Catholics all recognized that separation of church and state would lead to secularization of society

49. Legacy of Anabaptism • Baptists • Quakers • Congregationalism • Separation of church and state • Mennonites derive from Menno Simons (1496-1561) an Anabaptist

50. The English Reformation • Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) married his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon • Only child is Mary • Lusted after Anne Boleyn in 1527, who refused to submit without a ring • Henry’s request for an annulment meant reversing a previous dispensation.