Organic Molecules

1. Organic Molecules Bio

2. First Five Compare and contrast monosaccharides and disaccharides.

3. Today’s Announcements Cell Structure Unit Exam • Corrections due no later than, Thursday, February 27 Quiz: Carbohydrates & Lipids • Friday, February 28

4. Table Groups On a whiteboard, draw a Venn diagram to compare and contrast monosaccharides and disaccharides.

5. The many forms of glucose: Straight chain(linear) form (least common/stable) α-Ring form Alpha-ring (“OH” group is below the ring) β-Ring form Beta-ring (“OH” group is above the ring)

6. Cyclic Structure of Glucose: Rotation Straight open-chain glucose is so reactive that almost all molecules quickly rearrange their bonds to form two new structures. These structures are six-membered rings like those below. The beta version is more stable. 6

7. Other important monosaccharides • Fruit sugar • E.g. high fructose corn syrup • Main component of DNA and RNA • Very important at the cellular level • Found with glucose (lactose) in dairy products • Fructose • Ribose • Galactose

8. Slightly different structure= entirely different function Glucose and galactose

9. Glucose Glucose Combining monosaccharides to make… Disaccharides! Maltose

10. Fructose Glucose More Disaccharides:Table sugar Sucrose

11. Galactose Glucose More Disaccharides:Dairy products Lactose

12. How are the two monosaccharides joined? 6C 12H 6O 6C 12H 6O However, to form this, another molecule has to be released. Can you figure out what it is? 12C 22H 11O H2O Glycosidic Bond

13. How are the two monosaccharides joined? +H2O Glycosidic Bond

14. Partner Practice • Draw the monosaccharides below on a whiteboard. Then, choose a disaccharide to make by doing the reaction. • Monosaccharides: • Fructose • Glucose • Galactose • Disaccharide: • Sucrose • Lactose

15. First Five What is the chemical formula for glucose? Describe the differences between the 3 forms of glucose.

16. Today’s Announcements Cell Structure Unit Exam • Corrections due no later than, Thursday, February 27 Quiz: Carbohydrates & Lipids • Friday, February 28 [Gold 1]

17. Individual Practice - Disaccharides Can you… Draw on the diagram where a glycosidic bond will form and complete the diagram to show the disaccharide that will be produced.

19. Individual Practice - Disaccharides Can you… Draw on the diagram where a glycosidic bond will form and complete the diagram to show the disaccharide that will be produced.

21. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers made from many linked monosaccharide monomers to form long chain-like molecules. glycogen starch polysaccharides cellulose - made from glucose monomers

22. Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose There are three main types of naturally occurring polysaccharides. They are cellulose, glycogen, and starch that are of major importance.

23. Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose Cellulose: used to construct cell walls in plants Glycogen: energy storage in animals (e.g. in liver and muscle tissues) Starch: energy storage in plants

24. Polysaccharides Functions: storage, structure, recognition • Starchand glycogen are storage molecules • Chitin and cellulose are structural molecules • Cell surface polysaccharides (polysaccharides embedded in the cell surface membrane) are recognition molecules

25. Starch • Starch is a plant storage polysaccharide • There are two forms of chains in starch • amylose • amylopectin • Most starch is 10-30% amylose and 70-90% amylopectin

26. Starch • Amylose: compact, energetic spirals of α-glucose molecules • Amylopectin: compact, branched, energetic shapes of α-glucose molecules

27. First Five Describe the similarities and differences between the two types of chains in starch: amylose and amylopectin.

28. Starch Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose Amylose has an unbranched structure. 28

29. Starch Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose Amylopectin has a branched structure. 29

30. Starch Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose An important reaction during digestion is the hydrolysis of starchy foods as shown below. starch disaccharides glucose 30

31. Glycogen Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose Glycogenis a carbohydrate polymer that is stored in the liver and muscle tissues in animals. It is the energy-storage carbohydrate in animals. 31

32. Glycogen Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose Glycogen has a structure similar to amylopectin (starch) except that it is more highly branched 32

33. Cellulose Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose • Cellulose is a plant structure molecule. • It is the most abundant organic molecule • found in all cell walls • breaks down very slowly in nature

34. Cellulose Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose • Cellulose is formed from the β-glucose molecules • β-glucose forms more hydrogen bondsbecause of the orientation of the –OH group on each glucose ring. • Both starch and glycogen are formed from α-glucose molecules

35. Polysaccharides Derived from Glucose

36. Practice with Vocab: Frayer Models (Write topic here) In your notebook, Create a frayer model for the following topics: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

37. Polysaccharides Practice Problems • Begin in class. • Finish as homework. • DUE WEDNESDAY