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The Chemistry of Life: Organic Molecules and Their Functions

Learn about the essential organic molecules in life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Explore their structures, functions, and roles in the body's processes.

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The Chemistry of Life: Organic Molecules and Their Functions

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  1. Organic Molecules The Chemistry of Life

  2. The molecule illustrated below is a • Regulatory lipid • Storage lipid • Structural lipid • Dipeptide • Disaccharide

  3. I. Overview • A. Limited number of elements are found in organic molecules • B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphate • C. Four major classes of organic molecules with different functions • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  4. II. General categories of reactions • A. Anabolic reactions • B. Catabolic reactions

  5. III. Carbohydrates • A. Introduction • Elements found • Generalized formula suggested by name • Names often end in –ose • Generally concerned with energy usage and storage • Some carbohydrates are structural

  6. III. Carbohydrates • B. Monosaccharides • 1. trioses, pentoses, and hexoses • 2. hexoses most common • 3. examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose • 4. structural isomers of each other

  7. Examples of monosaccharides

  8. III. Carbohydrates • 5. Hexose sugars exist either as straight chains or rings

  9. III. Carbohydrates • B. Disaccharides • 1. two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration synthesis • 2. three specific examples of dissacharides to memorize • Sucrose • Maltose • Lactose

  10. Example of dissacharide formation

  11. Two examples of the disaccharides

  12. The empirical formula of a disaccharide is C12H24O12. • True • False

  13. What is the correct answer?

  14. III. Carbohydrates • C. Polysaccharides • 1. Structure • 2. Examples • 3. Why the name?

  15. IV. Lipids-three types • A. Storage lipids (a.k.a.fat) • 1. component parts • 2. glycerol • 3. three fatty acids • a. saturated • b. unsaturated

  16. Storage lipid synthesis

  17. Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

  18. IV. Lipids-three types • B. Structural lipids (phospholipids) • 1. structure • 2. membrane

  19. IV. Lipids-three types • B. Structural lipids (phospholipids) • 3. form a bilayer of membrane • 4. fatty acid tails are hydrophobic • 5. try to get as far away from water as possible

  20. IV. Lipids-three types • C. Regulatory lipids • 1. Examples-based on cholesterol

  21. IV. Lipids-three types • C. Regulatory lipids • 3. estrogen and testosterone

  22. IV. Lipids-three types • C. Regulatory lipids • 4. notice that these don’t share common structure of first two • 5. share in common that they dissolve in organic solvents

  23. V. Proteins • A. Composed of monomer called amino acid

  24. V. Proteins • A. Composed of monomer called amino acid • 1. some amino acids are polar

  25. V. Proteins • A. Composed of monomer called amino acid • 1. some amino acids are polar • 2. others are nonpolar

  26. V. Proteins • B. Peptide bond formation • 1. dehydration synthesis

  27. V. Proteins • C. Levels of protein structure • 1. primary • 2. secondary

  28. V. Proteins • C. Levels of protein structure • 3. tertiary

  29. V. Proteins • C. Levels of protein structure • 4. Quaternary

  30. V. Proteins • Types of protein 1. fibrous 2. globular

  31. V. Proteins • E. Importance of primary structure and shape

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