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The Mongols

Explore the rise of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan, their military strength, and their impact on regions such as China, Russia, and the Middle East. Discover the Mongol war machine, their governance, cultural tolerance, and the legacy they left behind.

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The Mongols

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  1. The Mongols The Last Great Nomadic Challenge Packet Replacing Chapter 14

  2. Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan • Strong tribal leadership = bravery & diplomacy • Born Temujin • Violently avenged family history • Military strength led to alliances & ascent to supreme ruler

  3. Periodization • 1206— Mongol state founded • 1206-1227— rule of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan • 1215— Mongols attack N. China (win it in 1234) • 1219-1223— Russia/Islamic world invaded • 1235-1279— S. China taken • 1260-1294— rule of Kublai Khan • 1240— Russia taken (Mongols attack W. Europe) • 1260— Mongols lose to Mamluks in Egypt • 1274-1280— Mongol invasion of Japan fails • 1360s-1405— rule of Timur-i Lang

  4. Mongol War Machine • Born warriors w/ cavalry mobility • Highly structured & disciplined armies • Effective & inventive weaponry • Resistance = Retribution • Assault on northern China • Southern Song spared • Slowed by fortifications, but adapt • Turned conquest to Central Asia & fringes of Islamic world

  5. Life Under Mongol Rule • Mongols = astute & tolerant rulers • Stimulates trade, cultural exchange and artistic creativity • Administration built on Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats

  6. Drive West: Mongol Assault on Middle East • Ilkhan Khanate set sights on Middle East wealth • 1258: destroy Abbasid dynasty & Baghdad • 1260: Mamluks of Egypt & infighting defeat the Mongols

  7. Drive South: Mongol Interlude in China • Kublai Khan established Yuan Dynasty • Despite hard fought battles w/ Song • Attempted to keep Chinese & Mongols separate • Administration • No civil service exams • Only nomads & Muslims at imperial level • Chinese only at local levels

  8. Gender Roles • Mongol women retained rights & freedoms • EX- advice of wife Chabi Tolerance & Foreign Influence • Yuan court welcomed & attracted many scholars, artists, religious thinkers, etc • EX- Marco Polo

  9. Social Policies & Scholar-Gentry • Yuan “foreign-ness” & policies alienated scholar-gentry • Yet, commercial & urban boom continued; position of peasants bolstered Fall of Yuan • Decline resulted from usual circumstances… • 1368-1644: Ming Dynasty replaced Yuan

  10. Ming • Ming dynasty (1368-1644) replaces Yuan • New expansionist policies • Secure borders, reestablish influence, sponsor trading expeditions (Zheng He) • expansionist policies are ended? • Impact of Mongols on: • Korea • Japan • Vietnam

  11. Drive West: Mongol Assault on Russia • Russian decline meant division & easy winter conquest by Mongols Russia in Bondage • Mongol overlords → Russian princes = vassals → peasants pressed into serfdom • Moscow grew in strength • Became central city of Russian culture

  12. Western Europe • Mongols proved capable of European assault, but withdrew after Ogedei’s death • Europe was spared a full assault • Late Middle Ages • Plague & changing position of serfs • Hundred Years War • Regional kingdoms

  13. QUESTION In what ways does the Mongol experience mirror that of the Arabs? Was Genghis Khan more barbarian or more civilized? To what extent do you agree with the claim that the postclassical period was “the nomad’s last hurrah”?

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