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Brief Response

Learn about the consequences of the US economic failure in 1929 on the global economy, including the effects on developing countries, trade declines, debt repayment challenges, bank failures, and unemployment. Understand the rise of totalitarianism in Italy and the development of Fascism under Benito Mussolini. Explore the reasons behind the appeal of Fascism in Italy and the methods used by Mussolini's government to gain support.

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Brief Response

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  1. Brief Response • How will the US economic failure in 1929 affect the global economy? • the developing world (Latin America, Asia) will not be able to sell their exports • Germany and Japan saw trade fall and would blame US, Britain, and France. • France and Britain could not pay their debts to US banks. • US banks failed and many Americans lost work and wealth.

  2. 10.7 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Mussolini, Stalin, Hitler

  3. Fascism Begins in Italy p. 434

  4. Italy • Problems in post-war Italy caused a coup d’etat in the government. • The new Fascist government was led by Benito Mussolini. • He swore to return Italy to greatness again.

  5. A Winner is a Loser? • During World War I, Italy made a dishonorable choice to switch sides in return for land from Austria-Hungary. • When the War ended, Italy was mistreated by its new allies, Britain and France. • Some lands went to the new Serbian-led nation of Yugoslavia. • Italians were outraged and spiteful toward France and Britain.

  6. Other Italian problems in the early 1920s included: (6) • Soviet Union sent Comintern agents to help Italian Communists • Led strikes and street demonstrations • Peasants seized lands • Workers seized factories • Labor unions demanded better conditions • Trade declined • Returning veterans came home to unemployment • Taxes rose • The coalition government was full of arguing factions and parties.

  7. Benito Mussolini: • A lower class man. • Veteran. • He formed the Fascist Party, combining….. • Socialism: • using the government to make life better for the people. Still allowing capitalism. • Nationalism: • using the government to protect the people from internal and external dangers.

  8. 1919 • They began the National Fascist Party. (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) • Supported by (2) • fellow unhappy veterans • other discontented Italians. • They promoted: (2) • An end to government corruption • Social law and order

  9. Fascism: • a centralized, authoritarian governmentthat is nationalistic, anti-democratic, pro-business, and socialist. • Italy—Fascists • Germany—Nazis • Japan—Ultranationalists

  10. Fascism as a practice: (10) • Extreme nationalism • National expansion • Action not talk • Violence • Discipline • War • Emotional not reasonable • Struggle for survival, “survival of the fittest” • Anti-democracy • Anti-communist • Anti-equality • Unthinking obedience to the state • Supremacy of the state

  11. Black Shirts: • Fascists had teams of “combat squads”, wearing black. • Intimidated and terrorized elected officials until they quit the government • Were supported by most Italians who no longer trusted the old society.

  12. March on Rome: • In 1922, Mussolini and Black Shirts demanded control of the national government. • King Vittorio Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to be prime minister and form a new government. • He became the legal leader of Italy.

  13. Totalitarian State: • One party rules the entire government • controls much or most of every citizen’s life.

  14. Mussolini’s government: (5) • Suppressed rival parties • Controlled the press • Rigged elections • Put Fascist supporters into the legislature • Won support from Pope Pius XI • (Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent nation state) • Used a secret police to control opposition • Critics imprisoned, exiled, or murdered

  15. Connection with Past Glory • Italian Fascists used it to connect their 20th century nation with the greatness of the ____ Empire. • Roman

  16. What made Fascism appealing to Italians? (6) • Strong, stable government • No political parties arguing as in a democracy • Quick decisions • Feeling of power and confidence from the leader • Promise to end dangers inside and outside of Italy • National pride.

  17. *Italo Balbo quote: p. 434Don’t just use the quote but other facts in the text section that support you. • What is Balbo angry about? (3) • What kind of government action is he looking for? (3)

  18. Answers: • What is Balbo angry about? • Bad economy, veterans could not find jobs. • Corrupt politicians • Britain and France cheat Italy, not giving it all the lands they promised. • What kind of government action is he looking for? • Honest government • End the chaos, bring law and order • Wants Italian pride, strength, and world respect

  19. Mussolini’s government: • Used propaganda to make him popular across Italy. In what forms? (11) • Statues, • art • Posters, • banners • Newspapers • magazines • Radio • Rallies (electronic PA systems), • parades • film. • Music

  20. Living for the State: • Loyalty to state more important than individual rights • Propaganda told all citizens to “____! ____! ____!” (3) • Believe! Obey! Fight! • Men encouraged to be violent, ruthless warriors ready to fight for Italian glory • Women lost jobs as government expected them to return home and raise many Italian babies. • Mothers of 14 or more got a medal from Mussolini, in person! • Children put into strict, militaristic youth groups • The Balilla • Ancient Roman glory • Patriotic songs, chants, and hymns • “Mussolini is always Right!”

  21. World Opinion • Many nations, even democracies, initially applauded Mussolini… (2) • Bringing social order • Eliminating communists and other radicals • Developing economic strength BUT • This admiration would change when (2) • he began attacking north and east Africa, • threatened neighbors in Europe.

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  23. Standards Check, p. 435 • Question:’ • It united Italians in their desire for a new, more effective government, no matter how aggressive.

  24. Standards Check, p. 436 • Question: • Fascist Italy: • Government a dictatorship • Terror tactics • State controlled economy • Altered domestic life • Secret Police • Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo; “OVRA”

  25. 6, Thinking Critically, 436-7 • Question • 1 • To create a constant flow of people willing to serve the government • 2 • to reinforce traditional roles • To create as many soldiers and loyal citizens as possible.

  26. Standards Check, p. 438 • Question: • Intense loyalty to the government and the leader • Use of terror, • promotion of social change

  27. Dictatorship, p. 439 • Question • 1 • Dictators suppress opponents with violence, imprisonment, and death

  28. “Cult of Personality”: • Use of various multimedia propaganda techniques to aggrandize the leader or ruling party worksheet • “larger than life” • Win popular support • Look like are just people, “political theater”

  29. Mussolini’s totalitarian state and “cult of personality” will be a model for ___ • Josef Stalin • will reign similarly, but develop his own, similar methods, • Though he lacked the flamboyant personality. • though adapted for his form of Communism • Adolf Hitler, • who will become dictator of Germany, in the 1930s • Tech point: Stop after Italian visit

  30. Brief Response • What was attractive about fascism to many Italians and many people in the rest of the world at the time?

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