Regional Conflicts

1. Regional Conflicts Struggles in Africa

2. Decolonization has been a long and difficult process for the the nations of Africa. A. Problems facing nation builders 1. Geographic divisions 2. Colonial boundaries 3. Underdevelopment 4. Cold war

3. B. Ghana was the first west African nation to achieve independence in 1957 1. Kwame Nkrumah 2. Revives pan-Africanism 3. Expensive development projects

5. C. Kenya 1963 independent 1. Jomo Kenyatta independence leader in power from 1963-1978 2. Conflicts with white settlers 3. Mau Mau uprisings

7. D. 1960-1965 savage struggle for control of Congo(Zaire) 1. Hutus v Tsotsi 2. 1965 Mobutu SeseSeko emerges as leader becomes despotic dictator for 32 years 3. Nation currently in civil war

9. E. Algerian War for independence 1954-1962 1. Problem of the pied noires 2. Struggle leads to near destruction of France

11. Apartheid was devastating to the black majority in South Africa. a. Apartheid: separation of the races b. The ANC led struggle for majority rule. South Africa Struggles for Freedom

13. c. In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, a black township.

14. 2. With sanctions from foreign countries, apartheid ended.

15. Desmond Tutu a. 1984, black South African bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid.

16. F. W. de Klerk b. Outside pressure and protests at home finally convinced South African president F. W. de Klerk to end apartheid.

17. 3. All South Africans were allowed vote in 1994, electing ANC leader Nelson Mandela president.

18. Nelson Mandela

21. Still, black poverty remains high. • Whites still own most land • AIDS is a major health concern

22. 1. Portugal fought to retain colonies in Angola and Mozambique. B. South Africa’s Neighbors Face Long Conflict

23. Dr. AgostinhoNeto Dr. Jonas Savimbi

24. 2. After independence, civil wars raged for years. a. Cold War rivalries. b. historic resentments

26. 1. In Rwanda, Burundi, and Sudan, ethnic conflicts led to violence. C. Ethnic Conflicts Kill Millions

28. 2. Rwandan majority Hutus attacked the Tutsi people. Tutsis and Hutus also fought in Burundi.

30. 3. In Sudan, Arab Muslims tried to suppress the non-Muslim black Sudanese. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed terror on the non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur.

33. Africa Seeks a Better Future 18-2

35. In an effort to build productive economies, many newly independent nations chose socialism; government controls part of the economy. • This created large, inefficient bureaucracies. A. Making Economic Choices

37. 3. Another idea for growing the economy was to focus on raising cash crops. 4.This brought money when the market was good, but took land that could have been used for food crops.

40. 5. The result was food shortages and import food subsidization, causing further debt

42. Rapid population growth • Disease (such as AIDS) • Urbanization; movement of people from countryside to cities B. Facing Obstacles to Well-Being

44. Desertification- the change of fertile land to desert, caused by overgrazing • Habitat loss • Poaching of endangered species; animals threatened with extinction C. Environmental Issues

48. 4. Green Belt movement a. Wangari Maathai b. Sustainable development: economic growth for long- term benefits

49. Wangari Maathai