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In the trap of unemployment

In the trap of unemployment. by Aneta Śmieszna Kl. IV TE/H. What is unemployment ?. U nemployment is a state when there are more people looking for a job than there are posts . It means that the supply of work is higher than the demand for it.

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In the trap of unemployment

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  1. In the trap of unemployment by Aneta Śmieszna Kl. IV TE/H

  2. What is unemployment ? • Unemployment is a state whenthereare more people looking for a jobthan thereareposts.It means that the supply of work is higherthan the demand for it. • Themeasure of unemploymentistheunemploymentrate. • workreserves =the working + the unemployed in agiven economy • employment- a given number of peopleworking on thebasis of current legal norms

  3. Unemployment rate • The unemployment rate is a quotient oftheunemployed by theprofessionally active (workreserves) in a specific category of the population (amongst women, in the commune, in the province, in the country, and the like).Professionallyactivepeople are defined by the Central Statistical Office as theworking+ thepeopleseekingjob+ theunemployed+thedisabledpeoplewith an opportunity to start work. One should noticethatthepolice and armyemployeesare not includedinthe professionally active civilians • It is necessary to remember that the unemployment rate isn't a very precise measure of this phenomenon.Itisbecausethelevel of theunemploymentratedepends on thearbitrarily adopted legal criteria. They can differ from one another depending on the timeas well as the state. Establishing international standards of measuring the unemployment is one ofthe methods of remedying such situations.

  4. Unemployment rate in Poland UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AT THE END OF JANUARY 2012

  5. Unemployment rate in Poland cont. Registered unemployed and unemployment rate State at the end of the month -------- Registered unemployed (in thousand) ---------- Registered unemployment rate (percentage)

  6. Phases of unemployment from a psychological perspective • Phase 1 - Anxiety overtheloss of work- agitation, frequent changes of the mood and the emotional instability; • Phase 2 - Shock afterthe loss of work connected with thesense of failure, injustice,humiliation, depression and fear of the future; • Phase 3 - Slow emergingin the situation of the unemployment and a certain kind of optimism- is it so-called ‘holiday effect’; the entire situation is treated as temporary; • Phase 4 - pessimism andresignation - negative emotional reactions appear, moneyand healthproblems; • Phase 5 - apathy andfatalism resultingfrom adapting to the situation- sense of hopelessness, aspiration to the social isolation, interests and life expectationsreductionappear

  7. Kinds of unemployment • The following kinds ofunemployment can be distinguished: • frictional unemployment - appears in every economy. Unemployed peoplewho want to changejobcreateitin a short time. It isalso connected with the change of a place of living,thechange of profession or professional promotion; • structural unemployment - connectedwith maladjustment of the demand to the supply ofwork. It is caused by thestructuralchanges intheeconomy ,e.g. disappearing oftheoutdated industries or the branches of economy andthenewonescoming into existence. Technological progress canalso be the reason for the structural unemployment, e.g. the automation is replacing the work of many people.

  8. Kinds of unemployment cont. • cyclical unemployment - connected withthechanges of theeconomic boom and with cyclical fluctuations. Itrises during economic crisis, decreasesinthe time of the revival. • hidden unemployment - affects e.g. employeeswhoareemployed part time but againsttheirown will, then their qualifications are not being fully used. In the centralized economy it was connected withtheemploying above actual needs. At present itappears in the countrywhenthe entire family earnstheirliving fromthe agricultural farm which is able to support only one person. • seasonal unemployment - connected with the seasonal demand for work, e.g. in the farming.

  9. Effects of unemployment • wasting of manufacturing factors, reducing the GDP, • deterioration of the living conditions for the unemployed and their families • loss of qualifications, • frustration and social pathologies, • increased payments from the state budget, • respectingwork and possibly best doing it.

  10. Ways of reducing unemployment • change or improving qualifications, • active job-hunt, • taking every work, even the one which requires lower qualifications, • change of the domicile if somewhere else is easier to find job • creating places of employment in the public sector (e.g. emergency work), • providing access to trainings and courses, • taking up self-employment, • help for enterprises which are newlyformed (e.g. low-interest loans, legal-financial advice).

  11. Instruments of the vocational activation • socially useful jobs • internship • trainings raising professional qualifications • emergency jobs • vocational education of adults • financing medical or psychological examinations • reimbursement of travel costs • reimbursement of accommodation costs • post-graduate education • one-time funds granting for the business start-up • granting funds to establish the social cooperative • encouraging to participate in theactivities of the integration centre

  12. The end

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