Science SOL Review

1. Science SOL Review 5th Grade

2. 5.2 Force, Motion, and Energy - Sound

3. 5.2a Compression waves • Sound – A form of energy produced and transmitted by vibrating matter • Sound travels in compression (longitudinal) waves

4. 5.2a Compression Waves • Sound is a compression (longitudinal) wave moving back and forth from its source • As sound waves travel, molecules are pressed together in some parts (compression) and in some parts are spread out (rarefaction). • Wave – A disturbance moving through a medium (solid, liquid, gas)

5. 5.2b Vibration, Compression, Wavelength, Frequency, Amplitude • Frequency – the number of vibrations in a given unit of time • Wavelength- the distance between two compressions or rarefactions • Pitch – determined by the frequency of a vibrating object. Objects vibrating faster have a higher pitch than objects vibrating slower. • Amplitude – the amount of energy in a compression wave related to intensity and volume

6. 5.2c Transmitting Sound • Sound travels more quickly through solids than through liquids and gases because the molecules of a solid are closer together. • Sound travels most slowly through gases, because the molecules are farthest apart • If there is no matter to transmit the sound, there is no sound, as in a vacuum.

7. 5.2d Uses and Applications • Some animals make and hear ranges of sound vibrations different from those that humans can make (voice) and hear • Bats, dogs, and whales can hear and produce sounds at a much higher frequency than humans • Whales, dolphins, and bats find objects using echolocation, which is locating an object using reflected sound.

8. 5.2d Uses and Applications • Humans use sonar to explore the ocean depths. • Sonar is a device that locates underwater objects by sending out high frequency sound waves and recording their echoes.

9. 5.2d Uses and Applications • Musical instruments vibrate to produce sound: • Brass instruments: vibrating air • Woodwinds: vibrating reeds or vibrating air • Percussion: vibrating surfaces • Strings: vibrating strings

10. 5.3 Force, Motion, and Energy - Light

11. 5.3a Transverse Waves • Light has properties of waves and particles. • Light is energy. • Light travels in Transverse waves, in which the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction the wave moves.

12. 5.3a Transverse Waves • Light travels in waves composed of a wavelength, crest (peak), and trough.

13. 5.3b Visible Spectrum • Visible light is a combination of several different wavelengths of light traveling together. • These wavelengths are represented by the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet • ROYGBIV

14. 5.3b Visible Spectrum • Light waves are characterized by their wavelengths and frequency. • In the visible spectrum, red has the longest wavelength, and violet has the shortest. Wavelengths get progressively shorter from red to violet.

15. 5.3b Visible Spectrum • Light waves travels much faster than sound • Unlike sound, light waves travel in straight paths called rays and do not need a medium through which to move. • A beam is a group of waves

16. 5.3c Opaque, Transparent, and Translucent • Light passes through some objects but is blocked by others.

17. 5.3d,e Reflection and Refraction • Light travels in straight paths until it hits an object where it may be: • reflected- bounced off • refracted- bent • transmitted- passed through the object or • absorbed- taken in as heat

18. 5.3d Reflection

19. 5.3e Refraction • The amount of bending of a light wave (refraction) depends on: • The density of the material • The wavelength of the light wave • The angle at which the light wave enters the new medium

20. 5.3e Refraction • A prism can be used to refract visible light. When the different wavelengths of light in visible light pass through a prism, they are bent at different angles. The colors of light we see are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

21. 5.3d,e Reflection and Refraction • A rainbow occurs from water droplets that act as both mirrors and prisms. The drops bend rays of sunlight at different angles, causing the colors to spread our. The colors are reflected off the back of the drops into our eyes.

22. 5.4 Matter

23. 5.4 Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and volume • Mass is the amount of matter in an object • The mass of an object does not change

24. 5.4a Phases of Matter • Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas

25. 5.4b Effect of Temperature particles move faster gas temperature increases liquid solid gas temperature decreases liquid solid particles move slower

26. 5.4c Atoms and Elements • All things, living and dead, are made of matter. • All matter, regardless of its size, shape, or color, is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to be seen by the eye.

27. 5.4c Atoms and Elements

28. 5.4d Molecules and Compounds

29. 5.4e Mixtures Including Solutions

30. 5.5 Living Systems – Characteristics of Organisms

31. 5.5a Basic Cell Structures and Functions • Living things are made of cells. • Cells carry out all life processes. • New cells come from existing cells. • Cells are too small to be seen with the eye alone. By using a microscope, many parts of a cell can be seen.

32. 5.5a Basic Cell Structures and Functions Plant Cells Cell Wall – Provides support and protection to the cell membrane Rectangular shape Chloroplasts – Traps energy from the sun to produce food, contains chlorophyll (makes the plant green) Cell Membrane – holds in cytoplasm, lets some materials go through Cytoplasm – The jelly-like substance Nucleus – The control center, holds the DNA Vacuole – Stores water

33. 5.5a Basic Cell Structures and Functions Animal Cells Vacuole – Storage area Round Shape Nucleus – The control center, holds the DNA Cell Membrane – holds in cytoplasm, lets some materials go through Cytoplasm – The jelly-like substance

34. 5.5b Classification • Organisms that share similar characteristics can be organized into groups in order to help understand similarities and differences.

35. 5.5b Classification • Plants can be categorized as vascular or nonvascular

36. 5.5b Classification • Animals can be categorized as vertebrates or invertebrates

37. 5.5c Survival Traits • Organisms have many traits that allow them to survive in their environment. • These include physical and behavioral characteristics, such as: AND MANY MORE…

38. 5.6 Earth/Space Systems - Oceans

39. 5.6a Geological Characteristics • Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of Earth • Features: continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise • These are covered with thick layers of sediments (sand, mud, rocks)

40. 5.6b Physical Characteristics • The depth of the ocean varies. Relatively shallow Progressively deepens Moderately deep Deep Very deep

41. 5.6b Physical Characteristics • Ocean water is a complex mixture of gases (air) and dissolved solids (salts, especially sodium chloride). • Marine organisms are dependent on dissolved gases for survival. • The salinity of ocean water varies in some places depending on rates of evaporation and amount of runoff from nearby land.

42. 5.6b Physical Characteristics • The basic motions of ocean water are the waves, currents, and tides. • Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are caused by wind patterns and the differences in water densities (due to salinity and temperature differences). • Ocean currents affect the mixing of ocean waters. This can affect plant and animal populations. Currents also affect navigation routes. • Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon

43. 5.6b Physical Characteristics The Gulf Stream

44. 5.6b Physical Characteristics • Waters on the continental shelf receive the most sunlight and can support most of the life in the oceans. • Trenches receive no sunlight, are very cold, and experience extreme pressure. They support the least life.

45. 5.6c Ecological Characteristics • Plankton are tiny free-floating organisms in the water. • Life in the oceans is dependent upon energy from the sun, dissolved gasses, currents, and minerals. • Plankton flourish in areas where nutrient-rich water upwells from the deep. • Phytoplankton form the base of the food web.

46. 5.6c Ecological Characteristics • As the depth of ocean water increases, the temperature decreases, the pressure increases, and the amount of light decreases. These factors influence the type of life forms that are present at a given depth.

47. 5.7 Earth Patterns, Cycles and Change – Earth’s Changing Surface

48. 5.7a Rock Types • Rocks have properties that can be observed, tested, and described. • Composition, grain size and textural features, color, and the presence of fossils help with identification. • Classification keys can aid this process.

49. 5.7a Rock Types • Depending on how rocks are formed, they are classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic

50. 5.7b Rock Cycle • Rocks move and change over time due to heat and pressure within the Earth and to weathering, erosion, and deposition at the surface. These and other processes constantly change rock from one type to another.