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SOL REVIEW

SOL REVIEW. Scientific Investigations. Observation What you see . Hypothesis educated guess or explanation based on observation. Controlled Experiment Keep everything the same except the one thing you are testing Use a control group for comparison. Variables.

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SOL REVIEW

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  1. SOL REVIEW

  2. Scientific Investigations

  3. Observation What you see

  4. Hypothesis educated guess or explanation based on observation

  5. Controlled Experiment Keep everything the same except the one thing you are testing Use a control group for comparison

  6. Variables • Independent – • The one you change (often time) • Dependent – • The one you measure

  7. Information Sources • Scientific Journals (Magazines) • For research • Field Guides • For identifying organisms

  8. Biochemistry andMacromolecules

  9. Water • Polar Molecule – • Has positive charge on ears & negative charge on “chin”

  10. Water • Cohesion – • Sticks to itself (surface tension) • Adhesion – • Easily sticks to other molecules (sides of a glass)

  11. Carbohydrates • Sugars • Provide energy

  12. Lipids • Fats • Store Energy

  13. Proteins • Made of Amino Acids • Functions • Structural • Enzymes – • Proteins that speed up chemical reactions • Their job is determined by their shape • Like a key in a lock

  14. The Cell

  15. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells • Cells are the basic unit of life • New cells come from other cells

  16. Types of Cells • Prokaryotes – No nucleus • Eukaryotes – Have a nucleus

  17. Organelles in Prokaryotes • Cell Membrane – • Controls what enters & leaves cell • Cell Wall – • Rigid for support • Ribosome – • Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis)

  18. Organelles in Eukaryotes (Animals) • Nucleus – • Control center; where DNA is found • Cell Membrane – • Controls what enters & leaves cell • Ribosomes – • Make proteins (site of protein synthesis) • Endoplasmic Reticulum – • Highway system/transportation network • Rough ER has ribosomes; Smooth ER does not

  19. Golgi Apparatus – • Packaging center to get things ready to leave cell • Vacuole – • Storage area • Mitochondria – • Power plant of energy • Site of Cellular Respiration

  20. Organelles in Eukaryotes (Plants) All of those in animals plus the following • Chloroplasts – • Site of photosynthesis • Cell wall – • Rigid for support **Plants have one large vacuole instead of several smaller vacuoles

  21. Movement of Substances Diffusion – Movement of material from high to low concentration Osmosis – Movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane Active Transport – Requires cell to expend energy

  22. Hypertonic Solution – • Has more salt than inside cell • Results in water moving OUT of cell; cell shrivels • Hypotonic Solution – • Has less salt than inside cell • Results in water moving INTO cell; cell swells/bursts • Isotonic Solution – • Salt inside cell equals outside • No net movement of water

  23. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  24. Photosynthesis Equation: chlorophyll   6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light -----------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Where it happens: Chloroplasts Type of Organisms: Autotrophs What Happens: Converts light energy to chemical energy Glucose produced from light energy

  25. Cellular Respiration Equation: enzymes   C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -----------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP Where it happens: Mitochondria Type of Organisms: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs What Happens: Releases energy in form of ATP from glucose

  26. Cell Division

  27. Diploid • Cell with 2 of each chromosome • One from mom, one from dad • Body Cells – Somates • Haploid • Cell with 1 of each chromosome • Sex (Germ) Cells - Gametes

  28. Mitosis • Interphase – DNA doubles (replicates) • Prophase – Centrioles move to poles; spindle forms • Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in middle of cell • Anaphase – Chromosomes pull apart and move toward poles • Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) begins • Telophase – Chromosomes at opposite ends; new membrane forms around them

  29. Meiosis • Division of cells that results in 4 gametes (egg/sperm) • Cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell • Has 2 stages • Meiosis I • Meiosis II

  30. Meiosis I

  31. Meiosis II

  32. Genetics

  33. Mendel - Father of Genetics • Did experiments with pea plants

  34. Allele – Different forms of a trait • The information you get from a parent • Genotype – genetic make-up of an organism • Heterozygous – both alleles or inherited genes are DIFFERENT (Rr) • Homozygous – both alleles or inherited genes are the SAME (RR or rr)

  35. Phenotype – physical appearance of an organism • Dominants overshadow recessives • If R = Red and r = White, a Rr organism will usually be Red as will be RR; rr will be white. • Exception – INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE • When the heterozygous individual has a phenotype in between the 2 parents; • red + white = pink • Exception – CODOMINANCE • When the heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is a mix of both parents; • red + white = red and white

  36. Punnett Squares - Steps • Identify the genotype of the parents • Draw the empty square • Put the parents on the top and left of the square • Fill in the offspring

  37. Nucleic Acids

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