Sol REVIEW

1. Sol REVIEW

2. VUS.2 – The student will describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions among European, African, and American Indians • European exploration and colonization resulted in redistribution of world’s population • Exploration led to commercial expansion (i.e. Columbian Exchange) • Settlements • New England • Settled by Puritans • Formed covenant community • Mayflower Compact • Intolerance of religions • Mid-Atlantic • Settled by English, Dutch, and German • Sought religious freedom, economic opportunity • Virginia and South • Virginia • Cavaliers: English nobility • Shenandoahs: poor immigrants • Jamestown • 1607 • 1st permanent English Settlement • House of Burgesses (1st assembly) • Known as General Assembly of Virginia

3. VUS.3: The student will describe how the values and institutions of European economic and political life took root in the colonies and how slavery reshaped European and African Life in the Americas • Economic Activity of Colonial Settlements • New England • Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, subsistence farming, manufacturing • Reflected Puritans values of hard work • Mid-Atlantic • Ship-building, small-scale farming, and trading • New York and Philadelphia grew as trading ports • South • Developed plantations, grew cash crops • Rice, indigo, and tobacco • Foothills (Appalachia) had small-scale farming • Social characteristics of Colonial Settlements • New England • Based on religious standing • Intolerant of dissenters • Mid-Atlantic • Multiple religious groups, Quakers • Flexible social structures, developed Middle class • South • Based on family status and ownership of land • Closer ties to Britain • 1st Great Awakening • Religious movement, swept Europe and Colonies • Mid-1700s • Growth of evangelical religions (Methodist/ Baptist) and challenged traditional order • Political Life in Colonies • New England • Town meetings • Mid-Atlantic • Incorporated number of democratic principles that reflected the rights of Englishmen • South • Stronger ties with Britain • Planters led representative legislatures • Slavery • Growth of plantations led to growth of slavery • Replaced indentured servants • “middle passage” brought Africans to colonies • Eventually led to conflict (Civil War)

4. VUS.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Revolutionary Period • American Revolution inspired by ideas concerning natural rights and political authority • Enlightenment • 17th/ 18th centuries, Europe • John Locke • Influences Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence • “natural” rights of man • All original power resides in the people • Thomas Paine • Common Sense • Challenged the rule of the American Colonies by the King of England • Declaration of Independence • Influenced by Locke and Paine • Authored by Thomas Jefferson • Grievances against the King • Events leading to Revolution • French/Indian War • Proclamation of 1763 • Taxes • Resistance of British Rule • Boston Tea Party • 1st Continental Congress • 1st time colonies worked together • Minus GA • Boston Massacre • Minutemen – Lexington/ Concord • Colonists during Revolution • Patriots- complete independence • Patrick Henry: “Give me Liberty” • Loyalists- loyal to Britain • Neutrals- uninvolved • Victory • Diplomatic • Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France • No popular support in Britain • Military • George Washington’s abilities • Benefit from presence of French Navy and Army at Yorktown

5. VUS.5: Student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues involved in the creation and ratification of the Constitution • Two attempts made to establish a working government • American political leaders fearful of a powerful central government • Articles of Confederation • Strengths • Land Ordinance 1785 • Northwest Ordinance 1787 • Got colonies through Revolution • Weaknesses • Weak national government • No power to tax, regulate commerce • No common currency • One vote per state, regardless of size • No executive or judicial branches • Constitutional Convention • Made federal laws supreme, but gave states leeway to govern themselves • Senate balanced power between small and big states • 3/5ths compromise to appease the South (House of Representatives) • Avoided too powerful central government with 3 branches • Limited powers of federal government to only those in Constitution • Key Leaders • George Washington • President of Convention • James Madison • Led the debate, kept copious notes • “Father of the Constitution” • Authored the Virginia Plan,much of the Bill of Rights • Virginia • Virginia Declaration of Rights • Authored by George Mason • Reiterated rights of man • Virginia Statue of Religious Freedoms • Authored by Thomas Jefferson • Outlawed established church • Federalists/ Anti-Federalists • Federalists • Importance of strong government • Promotion of economic development/ public improvements • George Washington, James Madison • Anti-Federalists • Feared overly powerful central government • Wanted protection of individual rights • Patrick Henry, George Mason • Marshall Court • Strengthened role of Supreme Court

6. VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major events from the last decade of the 18th century through the 1st half of the 19th century • Development of 1st political parties • Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, issues with France • Democrat-Republicans • Weak national government • Farmers, artisans, and settlers • Thomas Jefferson • Federalists • Strong national government, commercial economy • John Adams, Alexander Hamilton • Territorial Expansion • Stirred by Manifest Destiny • Louisiana Purchase 1803 (Jefferson) • American victory in War of 1812 • Oregon, Florida • Monroe Doctrine 1823 • No colonization by European powers • Westward Movement • Moved for economic opportunity • Growth of railroads and canals • Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin • Slavery spreads in south • Mexican War victory 1840s • California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico • American Indians • Manifest destiny supported claims to land • Indians forcibly moved • “Trail of Tears”

7. VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major events from the last decade of the 18th century through the 1st half of the 19th century • War of 1812 • British interfered with U.S. shipping and western expansion • Federalists opposed war, talked of secession • Political Changes • “Age of the Common Man” • Jacksonian Era • Emphasis on equality for white males • Rise of interest groups and sectional issues • A changing style of campaigning • Increased voter participation • Federalists disappeared, new parties emerged • Whigs and Know-Nothings • Sectional Economic Tensions • Industrial north favored high protective tariffs • Agricultural south opposed high tariffs • Sectional “Westward” Tensions • Missouri Compromise 1820 • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Political Tensions • Tariff of 1832 • South Carolina, nullification • Nullification Crisis • President Jackson threatened to send in troops to collect tariffs • Slavery • Slave revolts: Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser • William Llyod Garrison’s The Liberator • Fugitive Slave Law outraged North • Women’s Movement • Seneca Falls Declaration 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

8. VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era • Causes of Civil War • Sectional disagreements over tariffs, extension of slavery, nature of the Union • Dred Scott Case • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Ineffective leadership during the 1850s • Failed compromises • Events of the Civil War • Election of Lincoln 1860 • Fort Sumter • Emancipation Proclamation (Antietam 1862) • Battle of Gettysburg • Appomattox: Lee’s surrender • Survival of nation was at risk • Key Leaders • Abraham Lincoln • Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee • Frederick Douglass • Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves in rebelling states • Abolition of slavery a war aim • Discouraged interference from Foreign governments • Enlistment of African-American soldiers • Gettysburg Address • Preserving Union important • War fought to fulfill the promise of the Declaration of Independence, a second American Revolution • Reconstruction • Political • Union, Civil War Amendments,Ended 1877 • Economic • South embittered • North and mid-West growing industrial economies • Transcontinental Railroad

9. VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era • Social Impact of Reconstruction • African-Americans • Emancipation allowed for enlistment • No full equality for 100 years • Common Soldiers • Hand-to-hand combat • Harsh reality of war • Women • Managed home and families • Often faced poverty and hunger • Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and war industries • Post-war Contributions • Ulysses S. Grant • Urged Radical Republicans to not be harsh • Elected President • Advocated rights of freedman • Opposed retribution to South • Robert E. Lee • Urged Southerners to reconcile • President of Washington College (Wash & Lee) • Emphasized importance of education • Frederick Douglas • Supported full equality • Advocated passage of 14th and 15th amendments • Ambassador to Haiti

10. VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th century • Westward Movement • Intensified after civil war • Era immediately after, Era of the Cowboy (1860s-1880s) • Homestead Act 1862 encouraged settlement • New technologies • Railroads, reaper • Removal of Native Americans • New Immigration • Prior 1871: Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe • “New” immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia • Made valuable contributions to society • U.S. became “melting pot” • Fear and resentment from “natives” • Limitations like Chinese exclusion Act 1882 • Growth of Cities • Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew • Housing shortages • Need for public services • New States • Great Plains, Rocky Mountains • U.S. underwent economic transformation that involved the development of an industrial economy, the expansion of big business, the growth of large-scale agriculture, rise of national labor and industrial conflict • New Technology • Corporations, Bessemer process, Light bulb, Telephone, Airplane, Assembly-line

11. VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early 20th century • Industrial leaders • Andrew Carnegie (Steel), J.P. Morgan (finance), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads) • Economic transformation • Laissez-faire capitalism • Increasing labor supply • Natural resources • African Americans • Discrimination intensified • “Jim crow” laws, lynching • Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but equal • “Great Migration” of African- Americans • Responses to discrimination • Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. du Bois • Progressive Movement • Rose because of social problems in rural and urban settings • Causes • Excess of Gilded Age • Income disparity, Robber Barons • Working Conditions • Child labor, dangerous conditions, long hours, low wages, • Accomplishments • Government reforms • Referendum, initiative, recall • Direct election of Senators, secret ballots • Labor unions • Knight of Labor, American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers), American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) • Antitrust laws • Sherman Anti-Trust : restrains monopolies • Clayton Anti-Trust : strengthened Sherman Act • Women’s suffrage- 19th Amendment

12. VUS.9 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the emerging role of the United States in world affairs • Creation of International Markets • Open Door Policy (China) • Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) • Growth of international trade • Expanded influence in Latin America • Spanish American War • Puerto Rico annexed • Right to intervene in Cuba • Panama Canal • Encouraged Panama’s independence from Columbia • Built canal (T. Roosevelt) • Expanded influence in Asia and Pacific • Hawaii: deposed monarchy, annexed • Philippines: annexed after S.A. war • WWI • Began in 1914, assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand • U.S. neutral for three years • U.S. entry a result of german sub warfare, U.S. ties to Britain • Wilson’s 14 points • Plan to eliminate causes of war • Key points: • Self-determination • Freedom of the seas • League of Nations • Mandate system • Treaty of Versailles • French and English insisted on punishment of Germany • League of Nations created • National boundaries redrawn, new nations • League of Nations • U.S. objected to foreign policy decisions being made by international organization not U.S. leaders • Senate failed to approve Treaty of Versailles

13. VUS.10 The student will demonstrate knowledge of key domestic events of the 1920s and 1930s • Mass Media created popular culture • Radio: jazz and fireside chats • Movies: escape from Depression era realities • Newspapers and magazines: shaped cultural norms and sparked fads • Traditional values challenged • Religion: Darwin and the Scopes Trial • Women: Flappers, 19th amendment • Immigration: rise of new KKK • Prohibition: smuggling alcohol and speakeasies • Global Power • U.S. emerged from WWI a global power • Causes of Stock Market Crash • Overspeculation, credit, business failures • When market collapsed, banks out of money • Consequences of Crash • Bankers panicked, withdrew deposits • Causes of Great Depression • Stock market crash • Failure of Federal Reserve, then constricted $ supply • High protective tariffs • Impact of Great Depression • Unemployment, homeless • Collapse of financial system (banks) • Decline in demand for goods • Political unrest, farm foreclosures, migration • New Deal • Change role of government, more activist • Relief, Recovery, Reform • Social Security Act

14. VUS.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of WWII • WWII in Europe • Began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland 1939 • U.S. neutral 1st two years • 1941 Hitler invaded Soviet Union • U.S. helped Britain • Lend-lease act • WWII in Asia • Japan’s aggressiveness in Pacific • Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941 • Strategies • Allied • “defeat Hitler 1st” • pacific= island hopping • Axis • Defeat Soviet Union, oil • Japanese- invade Hawaii and Australia • Major battles • Europe/North Africa • El Alamein= Egypt (oil) • Stalingrad= prevented loss of Soviet Union • Normandy= D-day 6/6/1944 • Pacific • Midway= defeat of Jap. Navy • Iwo Jima/ Okinawa= closer to Japan, hari-kari • Atomic bomb= Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Contributions • Tuskegee Airmen (African-American) • Nisei Regiments (Asian-American) • Navajo Code talkers • Mexican-Americans • Geneva Convention • Attempted to ensure fair treatment for POWs • Bataan Death March- Philippines

15. VUS.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of World War II on the home front • Holocaust • Genocide, final solution • Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, undesirables (mentally ill, homosexuals, political dissidents) • Nuremberg trials • Demand for Jewish homeland • Home front effort • Economic resources • Gov’t and industry worked together • Rationing • War bonds, income tax • Human resources • Women/ minorities • Military resources • The draft • Women • Rosie the Riveter • African Americans • Migrated to cities for jobs • Campaigned for equality • Japanese Americans • Relocated to internment camps • Kormatesu case • Media/Communications • Strict censorship over reporting of war • Public morale and ad campaigns to support war • Movies, plays, shows to boost morale

16. VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII • Political, economic, and social consequences of WWII • Germany partitioned • Japan occupied by U.S. • Europe in ruins • Marshall plan • United Nations formed • Cold War set framework for Global politics for next 45 years • Origins of Cold War • Different fundamental values • Truman Doctrine • NATO • Communist takeover of China • Massive retaliation • Korean War • U.S involvement reflected containment policy • U.S. led U.N forces to drive back North Korea • Ended in stalemate • Vietnam War • Reflected containment policy • U.S. helped South Vietnam resist North • Build-up began under Kennedy’s term • Scale of war grew during 1960s • America divided over War • Nixon- Vietnamization • War ended in 1976, North took over South • Cuba Confrontation • Castro led communist revolution 1950s • Failure of “Bay of Pigs” • 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviets “blinked”

17. VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII • Impact of Cold War at home • Fear of communism • Raid drills, bomb shelters • Alger Hiss/ Rosenbergs • McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy • Heavy military expenditures • Foreign policy an issue in every election • Key to victory= U.S. military • Military Forces • “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country” • Kennedy’s assassination led to internal strife and divisiveness • Vietnam vets faced hostility • Internal pressures on Soviet Union • Rising military expenses • Rising nationalism in republics • Economic reforms, economic inefficiency • Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika • External pressures on Soviet Union • President Reagan’s Role • Challenged legitimacy of Soviet Union • “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” • Increased U.S. military and economic pressure on Soviet Union

18. VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of United States foreign policy since WWII • George H.W. Bush • Fall of communism • Reunification of Germany • Collapse of Yugoslavia • Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 • Operation Desert Storm • Bill Clinton • NAFTA • Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam • Lifting of sanctions against South Africa • NATO action in Yugoslavia • George W. Bush • Terrorist attacks on U.S. soil 9/11/01 • War in Afghanistan • War in Iraq

19. VUS.14 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s • Brown v. Board of Education 1954 • Desegregation of public schools • Individual Roles • Thurgood Marshall • NAACP Legal Defense team • Oliver Hill • NAACP Legal Defense team in Virginia • Virginia’s Response • Massive resistance, some school closings • Establishment of private academies • White flight from Urban schools • 1963 March of Washington • “I Have a Dream” speech MLK Jr. • Helped influence public opinion to support civil rights legislation • Demonstrated power of non-violence • Legislative Process • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Johnson’s presidency • Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin • Desecrated public accommodations • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Outlawed literacy tests • Increase in African-American voters • Registers sent to the south

20. VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic, social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and today • Supreme Court • Women: Sandra Day O’Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsberg • Minorities: Thurgood Marshall, Clarence Thomas • Civil Rights movement of 1950s and 1960s provided model for other groups to extend civil rights and promote equal justice • Immigration • Increase from Latin American and Asian nations • Rising immigration has increased diversity and redefined American identity • Reasons • Political freedom, economic opportunity • Issues with policy • Strain on resources, border issues, citizenship • Contributions • Diversity in music, arts, and literature • Labor force • Advances of Technology • Space • 1960s: Space Race • John Glenn 1st man in space, orbited Earth • Neil Armstrong 1st man on the moon • Sally Ride 1st female astronaut • Space shuttle • Mars Rover • Voyager Missions • Hubble telescope • Communications • Satellites • GPS • Personal communication devices • Robotics • Change in work, school, health care • Telecommuting, growth of service industries • Breakthroughs in medical research • Outsourcing, offshoring

21. VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic, social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and today • Reagan’s impact of Government • Conservative political philosophy prompted reevaluation of size and role of government • Platform • Tax cuts • Transfer of responsibilities to state governments • Appointment of judges who exercised “judicial restraint” • Strengthening of military • Reduction in # and scope of government programs • Reagan Revolution effects • George H.W. Bush elected president • Election of centrist Bill Clinton • Election of George W. Bush • Federal Government’s influence on economy • Bases economic decisions on GDP, exchange rates, rate of inflation, and unemployment • Government promotes a healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation through: • Federal Reserve • President and Congress • International Terrorism • U.S. created domestic and international policies aimed at stopping terrorism • Patriot Act: Domestic • Use of diplomatic and military initiatives