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SOL Review

Explore the major trade routes and trading patterns, as well as the cultural and religious changes during the Renaissance and Reformation periods. Learn about influential leaders like Martin Luther and the impact of the printing press.

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SOL Review

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  1. SOL Review Trading Patterns - Reformation

  2. Major Trading Patterns • Silk Road – overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back • Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond

  3. Major Trading Patterns • Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt • Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)

  4. Renaissance • Definition – period of rebirth and creativity • Humanism - Study of classical culture & focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church) • Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themes • Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform

  5. World Religions (Judaism) • Founder – Abraham • Holy Book – Torah • Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments (moral and religious conduct) • Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East • Location Today – North America and Israel

  6. World Religions (Christianity) • Founder – Jesus • Holy Book – Bible • Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus) • Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East • Location Today – North America, South America, and Europe

  7. World Religions (Islam) • Founder – Muhammad • Holy Book – Quran • Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities) • Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia • Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle East

  8. World Religions (Hinduism) • Founder – N/A • Holy Book – Vedas and Upanishads • Main Beliefs – Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma • Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Asia • Location Today - India

  9. World Religions (Buddhism) • Founder – Siddhartha Gautama • Holy Book – N/A • Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path • Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Asia • Location Today – East and Southeast Asia

  10. Reformation (Four Major Problems) • Great Schism • Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by the Church) • Italian Domination (German and English Nationalism) • Corruption (Indulgences)

  11. Martin Luther • Major Issue – sale of indulgences • Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible • Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven) • Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)

  12. Martin Luther • Luther’s Church 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not have special power 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (do not need priests)

  13. John Calvin • Bible – only source of religious truth • Salvation – predestination (god had long ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners) • Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders) • Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints)

  14. English Reformation • Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir)  Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England

  15. Impact of Reformation • Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic) • Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided • Anglican Church – Church of England • Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for French Protestants (Huguenots)

  16. Catholic Reformation • Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith • Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish heretics • Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church

  17. Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and Philosophies • Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance • No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)

  18. Printing Press • Invented by Guttenberg • Bible – first book printed • Books became cheaper/knowledge increased

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