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I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Ottoman decline

I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China. I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Ottoman decline

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I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Ottoman decline

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  1. I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyII. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic HeartlandsIII. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China

  2. I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Ottoman decline • By early 1700s • Power struggles • Rivalry with the West for trade • Results • Austrian Habsburgs • Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans • Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea • Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans • Greeks, independent, 1830 • Serbia, 1867 • By 1870, most of the Balkans • Capital threatened

  3. I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  4. I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • A. Reform and Survival Europeans fear Ottoman breakup • British support Ottomans v. Russia • Selim III • Reforms anger Janissaries • 1807, deposed, assassinated • Mahmud II • Professional army • Replaces Janissaries, 1826 • Reforms: Tanzimat • Universities on Western models • Railways • 1876, European-style constitution

  5. II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • A. Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt Napoleon • Defeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt • Muhammad Ali • Emerges after French withdraw • Albanian Ottoman • Reforms • Military: army, navy • Agricultural modernization

  6. II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic HeartlandsB. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance Muhammad Ali's successors • Drop reform • Ayans profit from peasantry • Cotton • Crucial export crop • Indebtedness to foreign creditors • Suez Canal, open, 1869 • University of al-Azhar Center of Muslim thinkers • al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh • Push for Westernization • Underline traditional Muslim rationalism • Ahmad Orabai • Revolt against khedive, 1882 • British intervene • Period of puppet khedives under British

  7. II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • C. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan Sudan challenges British • Can't control camel nomads • Muhammad Achmad, the Mahdi • Proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British • Controls Sudan • Succeeded by Khalifa Abdallahi • General Kitchner • Omdurman, 1896 • Mahdists crushed Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  8. III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in ChinaNurhaci (1559-1626) • Manchu leader • Drives Chinese south of Great Wall • Signification of Manchuria • 1644, take Beijing • Found Qing dynasty • Qing • Retain Ming rule Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839-1841 to World War I

  9. III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in ChinaA. Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule Qing social system maintained • Manchu • Rural reforms • Infrastructure maintained • Burdens lessened • Silver influx to 1800 • Compradors • Merchants along coast • Tie China to outside

  10. III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in ChinaB. Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration Qing decline • Exam system corrupt • Yellow River dikes not maintained • Flooding • Unrest: migration, outlaws • C. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After British • Import Indian opium to China • Chinese react • Lin Zexu • Blockades European trade • British invade, 1839 • Chinese defeated • Hong Kong to British • Ports forced to reopen

  11. III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in ChinaD. A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms Hong Xiuquan • Taiping rebellion • Calls for social, land reforms • Criticize Qing, Manchus • Crushed by Empress Cixi, 1898 • Boxer Rebellion • Anti-foreign conflict • Crushed by Western powers • E. The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization? Resistance goes underground • Plots to push Westernization • Sun Yat-sen • 1905, civil service exams ended • End of scholar-gentry • 1911, rebellions • 1912, last Qing emperor removed

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