People of the New Nation

1. People of the New Nation Chapter 7

2. Life Changes Along the Atlantic Seaboard Lesson 1

3. Introduction During the 1800’s many farmers in the northeastern United States worked their land by hand with the help of family members. (think of why we have summers off!!) However, soon things would change: the growth of the worldwide demand for wheat and the invention of new farming tools.

4. I. Family Farms Become More Profitable • The Wheat Boom • Population growth and wars in Europe such as the Napoleonic wars, destroyed Europe’s wheat fields. • Prices skyrocketed and the need for imported wheat from U.S increased. • Farmers from the North and South planted as much wheat as possible to take advantage of the booming market. • Quickly the nation began to make farmland of the old frontier.

5. B. Improved Farming Methods • Well into the 19th century farmers were using the same methods they used for 100’s of years. • They used the scythe which was a single-edged blade which could harvest 1 acre a day.

6. In 1830’s Cyrus McCormick created the mechanical reaper which cut and tied wheat twelve times faster than they had with some traditional tools. • John Deere (company still exists today) created the plow in 1837 which could slice through hard, rocky soil, and turned it into neat furrows. • Planting became more profitable and farmers now had enough income to buy luxury products such as soap, shoes, pottery, and clothing. • The merchant class began to grow.

7. II. The American Economy MatureIntro Since the colonial times the American farms had been mostly self-sufficient. Everything they needed was homemade. To these people their “work” was not a job but essential aspects of life.

8. A. Home and Workplace Divide • With manufacturing goods being cheaper, woman spent less time on household items. • They took “outwork” • Better transportation helped men to own shop, factories, and offices. • Men later became seen as separate from the home. • Home became keepers of the safe and harmonious home while men ruled the public life.

9. B. Women Acquire New Status • Growth of a middle class. • Certain values. • “How to books” • Literature spread to the different groups and was very popular with the working class.

10. III. Port Cities Provide Economic Opportunities • Cities began to grow as manufacturing areas and harbors became center spots. • Traditionally goods were made by craftsmen with years of experience. This system broke down and factories were built. • Less-skilled workers took the business and craftsmen could not compete.

11. IV. Some African Americans Experience ChangesIntro Free blacks and African Americans who were no longer enslaved were drawn to Philadelphia, Boston, New York, and Baltimore. The population of free blacks increased but it still was small compared to slaves.

12. A. No Rights for Slaves • Most African Americans were slaves and legally were property with no more rights than a cow or a horse. • A child’s status was inherited. • Freedom: only from the master. • Could not be legally marry, testify in court. • No legal rights but still responsible for laws broken.

13. B. Slow Steps Toward Freedom • Northern textiles could hire cheap workers so slaves were less economically important. • Most reformers lived in the North. • Rhode Island-1774 and Vermont-1777 prohibit slavery. • More states tried to outlaw slavery but it was difficult to do.

14. C. African Americans Form Communities • Organized groups such as the Boston African Society and the Free African Society in Philadelphia were formed. • Created their own schools. • Churches- African Methodist Episcopal Church founded 1816 by Richard Allen became a powerful rights and freedom voice. • Social mobility was rigid-restrictions on jobs.

15. The Trans-Appalachian Frontier Lesson 2

16. What is the Appalachian Frontier? The area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Stories of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone made the frontier seem “romantic.” Daniel Boone became hero in James Fenimore Cooper’s book The Leather stocking Tales.

17. II. People Move Westward for New Opportunities

18. A. Along the Frontier 1. Reports of conflict helped shaper the settlers ideas of the frontier. 2. The westward movement changed America to settled land. 3. In 25 years- over 2 million pioneers moved into the frontier. 4. Most moved to find land and opportunity. 5. Many pioneers were also African Americans. Southern planters took tens of thousands of slaves to hack cotton.

19. B. Roads to the West • Travel was difficult. Few road that were narrow, dusty, and incomplete. • Some roads were built by private investors who required a toll every 6 to 10 miles. • Transportation also included canals and rivers for cargo ships. In 1810 they were slowly being replaced by steamships.

20. III. Pioneers Settle the West The frontier did not remain untamed for long. New land was being cleared, housing being built, and crops being planted.

21. A. Mapping and Planning Towns • New ways of surveying, the old way was unclear and caused lawsuits. • The new ways of surveying suggested by Thomas Jefferson allowed the fields to be square with straight streets. • Townships with clearly set standards could be created.

22. B. Building Schools and Churches • New institutions were founded such as schools, churches, and social organizations. • The merchant class grew. • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set aside pieces of land for new townships for public education. • The 3 r’s “reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic. • Few teachers were available.

23. F. New churches grew slowly- “circuit riders’ who traveled from place to place. G. Later with more people came the congregations. H. By the 1840’s the forests of the Cherokee, Creek, Pawnee, and Kickapoo were gone and were cities.

24. The Changing World of American Indians Lesson 3

25. With the arrival of the first Europeans few Atlantic survived after war, starvation, and disease. The Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, and Potawatomi formed a confederacy to keep from being killed. The group-led by Miami chief Little Turtle was defeated and forced to cede their land (present day Ohio) to the U.S.

26. I. Indian Territories Invaded by the Push Westward • Hunger for land • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 promised security of Native land. • Each native group was seen as independent as the govern negotiated with each group. • Treaties were obtained through violence, and fraud. • Treaty of Fort Wayne-1809 legally opened the Northwest Territory for settlement.

27. B. Indian Resistance • War of 1812 was an opportunity to strike against the settlers. • “Red Sticks” the Creeks were defeated by General Andrew Jackson. • Shawnee chief Tecumseh sided with the British and lost along with the Black Hawk, Fox, and Sauk Indians.

28. II. Various Indian ResponsesA. Cultural Revival 1. Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa known as the “Prophet” began a new religious movement. 2. He rejected white ways and preached revival of native ways known as revitalization. 3. Many followed him but he lost his power after his brother died in 1813.

29. B. Cultural Compromised • Cherokee recognized violence was not the answer. • Favored cultural accommodation or peaceful compromise with white society. • Some became rich plantation with slaves. • Others became store and mill owners. • Taught in Christian schools.

30. 6. Sequoya was a Cherokee silversmith created an alphabet with 85 in English for symbols of Cherokee language. a. Easy system-could read in one week b. Adopted English c. By 1820’s est. written laws and a democratic constitution. d. This system lasted 40 years.

31. III. Defeat of the Cherokee • Cherokee hoped they could live peacefully with the whites. • White settlers hungered for Cherokee lands. Cotton production=need for land. • Cherokee fought- 1832 case in the Supreme Court Worcester v. Georgia. They Won! • Andrew Jackson say… who cares!

32. IV. The Trail of Tears • The Cherokee eventually gave into harassment and signed a treaty giving up all their land in 1835. • Many still began to resist. President Martin Van Buren gave the order in 1838 to round them up at gun point. • The U.S. Army moved over 15,000 Cherokee west during the winter of 1838-1839. • More than 4,000 died despite orders to treat them humanely and were not given adequate clothing, shelter, or food.

33. Lesson 4 The Next Wave of Immigrants Intro During the 1850’s over 2.7 million emigrated from European countries.

34. I. A New Generation of Europeans Arrive • German • 1820’s- 50,000 emigrated or leave their country forever to settle in another. 2. German intellectuals were tired of slow political reform. 3. German townspeople could not compete against Great Britain's’ factory system. 4. The Midwest and Great Plains offered economic freedom.

35. B. The Irish • 1840-1850’s a plant disease struck the Irish potato fields nearly wiping out the whole potato crop. • 100’s of people died per month of starvation and disease. • 1.5 million to the U.S. • Poor tenant farmers and unskilled laborers.

36. C. The Immigrants Suffer En Route • Passage to the U.S. could last 3-4 months. • Hundreds of people were crowded between decks and disease spread. • 20% died during the voyage. • Ships were known as “floating coffins” and “plague ships.”

37. II. Immigrants Establish Themselves in the New Country • Many Germans were skilled and came with some money and were eager to buy land. • Most Germans could achieve a secure livelihood and had little trouble with neighbors. • The Irish were penniless and unskilled. Had to take whatever job they could find.

38. III. New Americans Perceived as a Threat • Many native-born Americans accepted immigrants and helped them adjust. • Others created a backlash of fear and resentment. • Feared Irish would take their jobs. • Feared they could become a political force.

39. A. Anti-Catholic Feelings • America-Protestant • Feared Irish-Catholic and tied to pope. • Thought Pope would get power in the U.S. • Mobs attacked Catholic churches and schools. • This led to nativism-strong feelings against immigrants. • New groups to control immigrants, condemn immigrant cultures and glorify their own culture.

40. 7. The Native American (ha ha not the actual natives of America) Association in 1837. 8. It grew into the Native American Party and eventually united to be the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner in 1850. 9. Wanted to ban Catholic and aliens from elected office, cut down immigration, and limited voting rights.

41. B. The Know-Nothings • Members of the American Party were called “Know-Nothings” because they answered “I don’t know” when asked about their policies. • Influenced elections but not strong in the west. • Weak by 1850’s because of its hate and secrecy.