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BAHAN KAJIAN MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH TANAH ANDISOL

BAHAN KAJIAN MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH TANAH ANDISOL. TANAH ANDISOL. IKHTISAR Vegetation: beragam tipe vegetasi Ikilm : semua rezim suhu tanah , kecuali pergelik Rezim lengas tanah : semua rezim

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BAHAN KAJIAN MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH TANAH ANDISOL

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  1. BAHAN KAJIAN MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH TANAH ANDISOL

  2. TANAH ANDISOL IKHTISAR Vegetation: beragamtipevegetasi Ikilm: semuarezimsuhutanah, kecualipergelik Rezimlengastanah: semuarezim Ciriutama: andic soil properties (low bulk density, oxalate extractable aluminum and iron, short-range-order minerals compounds - amorphous material, high phosphate sorption capacity) related to volcanic origin of materials. Horisonpenciri: Kambik Epipedon: HISTIK, MELANIK Proses genesis: Pelapukan, humifikasi, melanisasi, pencucian, Fiksasi P • Andisols: • Tanah-tanahdenganciri-ciri ANDIK • Bahaninduknya deposit Pyroclastic (volcanic ejecta) sepertisbu, pumice, cinders, dan lava • Karakteristik: • Matrialvitricataugelasvulkanik, ygdidominasioleh mineral-mineral amorfdan mineral short-range-order • Bobotisinyarendah < 0.9 g/cm3 • Allophanedanimogolitemerupakanhasilpelapukandarigelasvulkanik.

  3. TANAH ANDISOL KONDISI LINGKUNGAN IKLIM: Andisols BERKEMBANG padasemuarezimlengas-tanahdansemuarezimsuhutanah, kecualipergelik. PembentukanAndisolsdidaerah arid sangatterbatas, karenalambatnyapelapukanbahanindukvulkanik. WAKTU / Time: Material volcanoclasticlebihmudahlapukdibandingkandengan material kristalin, sehinggaperkembanganAndisolstidakmemerlukanwaktu yang sangat lama. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  4. TANAH ANDISOL BAHAN INDUK Sebagianbesar of Andisolsterbentukdari deposit pyroclastic (volcanic ejecta) sepertiabu, pumice, cinders, dan lava. Terras-terrasvulkanikmempunyaiberagamtipebatuandimukabumiini. Terras-terrasinimeliputi lava, deposit pyroclastic (darilutusanvulkanik), dan deposit dariberbagaimacamprosessedimentasi. Sifat material vulkanikdarisuatuvulkanosangatberagammenuruttempatdanwaktudanmenentukanukuranpartikelnya, komposisimaterialnya, dankedalaman deposit material vulkanik. Rapid cooling of the molten materials upon ejection prevents crystallization of minerals with long range atomic order, and the resulting product is vitric material or volcanic glass, which are dominated by amorphous, short-range-order minerals. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  5. TANAH ANDISOL Vegetation: Andisols develop under a variety of vegetation types ranging from coniferous and deciduous forest, tundra, to shrubs. Relief: Andisols DITEMUKAN pada BERAGAM TOPOGRAFI, akantetapiseringkaliditemukanpadalereng-lereng yang curamygterbentukolehaktivitasvulkanik. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  6. TANAH ANDISOL PROSES GENESIS Abu vulkaniksecarakimiadanmineralogisberbedadnegankebanyakan material bahaninduktanahlainnya. Bahaniniterutamatersusunatas material gelasatauvitrikygmengandungberagamjumlah Al dan Si. Gelasvulkaniktidakmempunyaistrukturkristalin yang spesifik (amorphous) dansangatmudahlarut. Environmental conditions, notably vegetation and soil moisture regime together with chemical composition (Al:Si ratio, base status, pH etc.) strongly influence weathering pathways of volcanic glass. Allophanedanimogolitemerupakanresiduhasilfase-awalpelapukangelasvulkanikdanstrukturnyabelumberkembang. Allophaneterbentukdidalamfragmengelasdimanakonsnetrasi Si dan pH tinggidanbentuknyakhasseperti “spherule”. Imogolitecenderungterbentukdibagianluarfragmengelasdengankondisi pH lebihrendahdankonsnetrasi Si jugalebihrendah, mempunyhaimorfologikhassepertibenang. Both allophane and imogolite may complex with organic matter. In some instances, where organic matter is rapidly accumulating, neither allophane or imogolite form in large amounts. Instead, opaline silica and Al-humus complexes are formed, which appear to inhibit allophane and imogolite formation.

  7. TANAH ANDISOL KompleksAllophane, imogolitedan humus biasanyaterbentukpadakondisipencucianintensif. Padakondisilingkungankaya Si, dapatterbentuk mineral halloysite, padakondisi yang lebih alkalis dapatterbentuk gibbsite. Padabahanabu non-alofanikdapatterbentukliattipe 2:1 , meskipunbelumdiketahudneganjelasprosespembentukannya. Rezimlengas-tanahmempengaruhilajutransformasi - pembentukanliatkristalinlebihcocokpadarezimlengas-tanah yang mempunyaimusimkering (mis., usticdan yang lebihekring) danrezimlembab (udic) lebihsesuaiuntukpembentukankompleksamorf. The weathering products such as Al, Fe, and non-crystalline aluminosilicates stabilize humic substances and render them recalcitrant to decomposition, i.e., humic acids are accumulated (humification). Al, Fe-humus complexes are only sparingly soluble and therefore they accumulate at the surface, forming dark thick surface horizon especially under grass vegetation and humid climate (histic or melanicepipedons). Pembentukankompleks humus – Al, humus-Fe berhubungandneganperubahanwarnatanah (warnahitam – bahanorganik matter), yang disebutmelanisasi. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  8. TANAH ANDISOL Pencuciankationbasaberhubungandnegan drainage bebaspadabanyaktanahAndisols, yaitu air perkolasimencucikationkeluartanah. CiriAndisolsadalahkecenderungannyamemfiksasifosfatmenjadibentuk yang tidaktersediabagitanaman. Fiksasi P paling besarditemukanpadaAndisols yang teksturnyahalusdanmempunyairasio Al/Si yang tinggi. The phosphate is apparently bound by the aluminum via an anion exchange for hydroxyl. Diunduhdari: …………..

  9. GENESIS ANDISOL Andisolsdicirikanolehadanyahorison ‘andic’ atau horizon ‘vitric’. HorisonAndickayaallophanes (dan mineral ygserupa) ataukompleksaluminium-humus , sedangkanhorisonvitricmengandungbanyak material ‘gelasvolcanik’. Andisol formation depends essentially on rapid chemical weathering of porous, permeable, finegrained mineral material in the presence of organic matter. Hydrolysis of the primary minerals ‘microcline’ and ‘augite’ may serve to illustrate this type of weathering ('glass' is actually an amorphous mixture but reacts in the same way): KAlSi3O8 + 2 H2O ===== K+ + Al3+ + 3 SiO2 + 4 OH- Microcline CaFeSi2O6 + 2 H2O ===== Ca2+ + Fe2+ + 2 SiO2 + 4 OH- Augite Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  10. GENESIS ANDISOL Kation Fe2+ dan (terutama) Al3+ diikatkuatdalambentukkompleks yang stabildengan humus.. Ferro dioksidasimenjadiferridankemudianmengendapmenjadiferrihydrite Fe2+ = Fe3+ + e- Fe3+ + 3 H2O = Fe(OH)3+ 3 H+ ferrihydrite (atau : 2 Fe2+ + 1/2 O2 + 5 H2O = 2 Fe(OH)3 + 4 H+ Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  11. GENESIS ANDISOL Aluminiummelindungibagianorganikdarikompleks Al-humus dariaktivitas bio-degradasi. Mobilitassenyawakompleksiniagakterbataskarenahasilmpelapukan yang cepatmencukupisuplai Al dan Fe untukmenghasilkankompleks yang mempunyairasiotinggi metal/organikdansukarmelarut. This combination of low mobility and high resistance against biological attack promotes accumulation of organic matter in the topsoil culminating in the formation of a ‘melanic’ surface horizon that has an intense dark colour and a high content of organic matter. The fate of the liberated silica depends largely on the extent to which aluminium is tied up in Al-humus complexes. If most or all aluminium is ‘fixed’, the silica concentration of the soil solution increases and while part of the silica is washed out, another part precipitates as opaline silica. If not all aluminium is tied up in complexes, the remainder may co-precipitate with silicon to form allophanes of varying composition, often in association with imogolite.. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  12. GENESIS ANDISOL Pembentukankompleks humus-Al danpembentukanallofanbersifatkompetitifsatu-sama-lainnya. Hal inidisebutsebagai ‘binary composition’ dariAndisols. Alofan (danimogolite) stabilpadakondisiagakmasamhingganetral (pH > 5), sedanghkankompleks humus-Al dominanpadakondisilingkunganelbihmasam. Kalaumasihtersedia Al padakondisilebihlanjut, iadapatbereaksidengankelebihan silicon membentuk mineral liatfilosilikattipe 2:1 dan 2:1:1 (mis. chlorite), mineral liatiniseringditemukanberasosiasidnegankompleks humus-Al. Under such acid conditions, these soils may have exchangeable Al, which is not found on allophane. The stability conferred on the organic matter by aluminium is no less in the presence of allophane. This suggests that the activity of aluminium in allophane is high enough to interact with organic molecules and prevent bio-degradation and leaching. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  13. GENESIS ANDISOL Kompetisiantara humus dansilikaterhadap Al dipengaruhiolehfaktor-faktorlingkungan: The ‘Al-humus complex + opaline silica + phyllosilicate clay’ association is most pronounced in acidic types of volcanic ash that are subject to strong leaching. In practice, there is a continuous range in the binary composition of Andisols, from a pure Al-humus complexes association ('non-allophanic') to an allophane/imogolite association ('allophanic'), in which the extremes are rare. This variation occurs both within one profile and between profiles. After the very early stage of Andisol formation, (near-)complete inactivation of aluminium by organic matter may constrain the formation of allophane under humid temperate conditions. Kalauakumulasi humus telahmencapai “levelling off “ maka Al menjaditersediauntukpembentukan mineral. Hal inimnejelaskanmengapahorison B padaAndisolsbiasanyalebihkayaalofandanimogolitedaripadahorison A : Pelapukan mineral primer berlangsung, tetapisuplaibahanorganikterbatassehinggahanyasedikit Al ygterikatmenjadikompleks humus-Al. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  14. GENESIS ANDISOL The total pore fraction of the soil material increases greatly in the course of weathering, typically from some 50 volume percent to more than 75 percent. This is explained by leaching losses and stabilisation of the residual material by organic matter and weathering products (silica, allophane, imogolite, ferrihydrite). The genesis of Andisols is further complicated where there is repeated deposition of fresh ash. Thin ash layers may just rejuvenate the surface soil material whereas thicker layers bury the soil. A new profile will then develop in the fresh ash layer while soil formation in the buried A-horizon takes a different course in response to the suddenly decreased organic matter supply and the different composition of the soil moisture. The clay assemblage of Andisols changes over time, particularly that of the subsoil, as allophane and imogolite are transformed to halloysite, kaolinite or gibbsite (depending on the silica concentration of the soil solution). Aluminium from the Al-humus complexes will gradually become available and ferrihydrite will eventually turn into goethite. All these processes are strongly influenced by such factors as the rate of rejuvenation, the depth and composition of the overburden, the composition of the remaining material and the moisture regime. Eventually, an Andisol may grade into a 'normal' soil, e.g. a podzolized soil, or a soil with ferric properties, or with clay illuviation Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  15. TANAH ANDISOL CIRI-CIRI Andisolsdidominasiolehsenyawa-senyawa “short-range-order” (mis. allophane, imogolite), termasukkompleks humus-logam, ferrihydrite, danalumino-silicates, yang terbentuk “in situ”. A typical soil profile show a thick, dark-colored, greasy mineral horizon (e.g. melanicepipedon), a weakly developed cambic subsurface horizon (Bw), and relatively unaltered volcanic or volcanoclastic parent material (C). EpidedonHistikataumelaniklazimditemukandalamAndisols. Epipedonmelaniktebalnya 30-cm ataulebihdenganwarnahitamdanepipedonhistikmemerlukanlebihdari 12 % - 18 % C-organik, tergantungpadakandunganliatnya. Kompleks Humus-Fe-Al ditemukandalamhorison A, sedangkan mineral-mineral “short-range-order” ditemukandihorisonBw. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  16. TANAH ANDISOL In general, the pH-functional cation exchange capacity (CEC) is high, due to a high surface area of the mineral and organic compounds in Andisols.   KejenuhanbasanyaseringkalirendahkarenapadabanyakAndisolsterjadiperkolasi yang cepatdanpencuciankationbasasangatintensif. Sifatfisikatanah-tanahAndisols yang menonjoladalahbobotisinyarendah, makro-porositasnyatinggi , drainagenyacepatpadateganganlengas-tanahygrendah, dankekuatanmekanisnyarendah. KalauAndisolsinimengering, sangatpekaterhadaperosi. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  17. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK MORFOMETRIK Andisol yang ‘typical’ mempunyaiprofil ABC atau AC denganhorison AH berwarnagelap, tebalnya 20 - 50 cm terletakdiatashorison B coklatataihorison C. Topsoil dan subsoil warnanyasangatberbeda; biasanyawarnatanahinilebihgelapdidaerah humid, dingin , dibandingkandnegandidaerahtropis. Rataankandunganbahanorganikhorisonpermukaansekitar 8 % , tetapiprofilyg paling gelapdapatmengandungbahanorganiksebesar 30%. The surface horizon is very porous, very friable, and has a crumb or granular structure. In some Andisols the surface soil material is smeary and feels greasy or unctuous; it might become almost liquid when rubbed as a consequence of sol-gel transformations under pressure (‘thixotropy'). Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  18. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL Ciri-ciriHidrologis KebanyakanAndisolsmempunyai drainage internal ygbagus, karenaporositasnyatinggidankeberadaannyaterutamapadaposisilereng-lerengatas. Gleyic soil properties develop where groundwater occurs at shallow depth; stagnic properties are particularly prominent in paddy fields on terraced volcanic slopes, e.g. on Java and Bali (Indonesia) Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  19. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK MINERALOGIS Quantities of volcanic glass, ferromagnesian minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles), feldspars and quartz in the silt and sand fractions of Andisol material differ between sites. Some of the mineral grains may have acquired a coating of volcanic glass when the temperature was still high. The mineral composition of the clay fraction of Andisols varies with such factors as genetic age of the soil, composition of the parent material, pH, base status, moisture regime, thickness of overburden ash deposits, and content and composition of soil organic matter. The clay fraction of Andisols contains typical 'X-ray amorphous materials' such as allophane and imogolite, and/or humus complexes of Al and Fe together with opaline silica. Allophane/imogolite Dan kompleks Al-humus mungkinditemukanbersama, meskipunkeduakelompoksenyawainimempunyaisyaratkondisipembentukannyaberbeda. Selain mineral-mineral primer, jugadapatditemukanferrihydrite, halloysitedankaolinite, gibbsite danberbagai mineral silikatberlapistipe 2:1 dan 2:1:1. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  20. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK FISIKA Stabilitasagregat yang baguspadatanahAndisolsdanpermeabilitasnya yang bagusmengakibatkantanahinirelatiftanahterhadaperosioleh air. Perkecualianadalahtipe-tipeAndisols yang mengalamihidratasikuatdanpengeringanintensif , setelahpembukaanhutan. The surface soil material of such Andisols crumbles to hard granules ('high mountain granulation') that are easily removed with surface run-off water. The difficulty to disperse Andisol material gives problems in texture analysis; caution should be taken when interpreting such data. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  21. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK FISIKA BobotisitanahAndisoladalahrendah, terutamahorisonpermukaan; biasanyakurangdari 0.9 Mg/m3 , tetapinilairendah 0.3 Mg/m3 telahditemukanpadaAndisol yang mengalamihidratasisangatkuat. The bulk density does not change much over a suction range of 1500 kPa (limited shrink and swell). Therefore, the bulk density in the field-moist condition can in practice be substituted for the bulk density at ‘field capacity’, which is diagnostic for identifying an ‘andic’ horizon. The moisture content at 1500 kPa suction (‘permanent wilting point’) is high in most Andisols; the quantity of 'available water' is generally greater than in other mineral soils. Excessive air-drying of Andosol material will irreversibly worsen its water holding properties, ion exchange capacity, soil volume, and ultimately the cohesion of soil particles. In the extreme case these fall apart to a fine dust that is very susceptible to wind erosion. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  22. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA Andisolsmempunyaisifatpertukaranelektrissangatberagam : Muatansnagattergantungpada pH dankonsnetrasielektrolitdalamlarutantanah. This is also the case with some other soils, e.g. Ferralsols, but the overriding difference is that the negative charge of Andisols can reach much higher values because of the high contents of soil organic matter and allophane. BeberapakomponentanahAndisolmempunyaivariasimuatan yang tergantungpH.Dengansifatmuatan yang bervariasi, nilai-nilaikejenuhanbasaumunyarendahkarenapencuciansangatintensif, kecualibeberapatanahAndisols yang masihsnagatmudadanAndisolsdidaerahkering. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  23. KARAKTERISTIK ANDISOL The strong chemical reactivity of Andisols has long been attributed to X-ray amorphous compounds. Beragambentuk Al-aktifdalamAndisolsadalah: Dalam mineral aluminosilikatpara-kristalinatau “short-range-order “ sepertiallophanedanimogolite. Sebagai ion Al inter-layer dalam mineral silikatberlapistipe 2:1 dan 2:1:1. Dalamkompleks humus-Al Sebagai Al-tikarpadaliatsilikatberlapis. Perananbesi-aktiftidakbolehdiabaikan, tetapibiasanyadianggapkurangpentingdibandingkandengan Al-aktif. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  24. TANAH ANDISOL KLASIFIKASI To qualify for an Andisol a soil have to have andic soil properties in 60 % or more of the thickness of soil material within 60 cm of the mineral soil surface, or on the top of an organic layer with andic properties. Material tanah ANDIK mengandungkurangdari 25 % C-organik (bobot) dan , dalamfraksihalus (> 2 mm), memenuhisatuataulebihberikutini: Al plus 1/2 Fe yang dapatdiekstraks % (olehpengekstraks ammonium oxalate – faseamorf) total 2% ataulebih Bobotisi, yang diukurpada 33 kPa air nilainya 0.9 g/cm3ataukurang, Retensifosfat 85% ataulebih. In cases where the particle size is composed of 30% or more particles in the 0.02 to 2.00 mm fraction, the limits listed above are modified to account for less of an active amorphous component in the soil and thus lower limits on P-adsorption and amounts of amorphous Al/Fe. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  25. TANAH ANDISOL Ada 7 sub-ordodalamAndisol yang dapatdibedakandneganrezimlengas-tanahnya, kapasitassimpanan air, ataukandunganbahanorganiknya: Aquands: Andisolsygmempunyaiepipedon HISTIK ataumempunyaikondisi AQUIK yang menghasilkansifatredoximorphic. Aquandsditemukansecaralokaldiloikasidepresidansepanjangdataranbanjirdimanamuka air-tanah (water table ) sangatdekat dg permukaandalamwaktutertentudalamsetahun. Cryands: They are defined as Andisols with cryic soil temperature regimes. These soils are the Andisols of high latitude (e.g. Alaska, Kamchatka) and high altitude (e.g. Sierra Nevada in the U.S.). Torrands: They are defined as Andisols with aridic soil moisture regimes. Vegetation is mostly desert shrubs. Xerands: Andisols yang mempunyairezimlengas-tanah XERIK. Vitrands: They are Andisols that have a low water-holding capacity. Vitrands are restricted to ustic and udic soil moisture regimes. Ustands: Andisolsdenganrrezimlengas-tanah USTIK. Andisolsiniberadadidaerahintertropis yang mengalamidistribusicurahhujanmusiman. Udants: Andisolsdenganrezimlengas-tanahnya UDIK (ordoAndisols yang paling banyak).

  26. TANAH ANDISOL Andisolsdangkal yang mempunyaikontak-litikdidalam 50 cm lapisantanah mineral permukaan, atautanahlapisanatasorganikdenganciri ANDIK, disebutdengan 'Lithic' (mis. LithicCryaquands, LithicHaploxerands). Andisolsdengan: Status basasangatrendah (that have extractable bases plus KCl-extractable Al3+ totaling less than 2.0 cmol(+)/kg in the fine-earth fraction) disebut 'Acrudoxic' (mis. AcrudoxicPlacudands), Status basanyarendah yang mempunyailebihdari 2.0 cmol(+)/kg Al3+ (by KCl) dalamfraksihalusnya, disebut 'Alic' (mis. AlicEpiaquands), Andisolsyang mempunyaibasaterekstraks plus Al3+ terekstraksKCltotalnyakurangdari 15.0 cmol(+)/kg , disebut 'Dystric' (mis. DystricHaplustand), Andisolsyang kayabasa-basa (that have a sum of extractable bases of more than 25.0 cmol(+)/kg in the fine-earth fraction) disebut 'Eutric' (mis. EutricPlacudands). Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  27. TANAH ANDISOL Rezimlengas-tanahdipakaiuntukmembedakanAndisolspadatingkat great-group dansubgroup : Xeric (e.g. Xeric Vitricryands), Ustic (e.g. Ustivitrands), Udic (e.g. Udivitrands), Aquic (e.g. AquicUstivitrands), and ‘Oxyaquic', i.e., soils that are saturated with water, in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, for 1 month or more per year in 6 or more out of 10 years (e.g. OxyaquicVitricryands). Andisolsdengan “episaturation”, yaitutanahjenuh air padasatulapisanataulebihdidalam200 cm permukaantanah mineral, danjugamempunyaisatulapisantidakjenuhataulebihdenganbatas-atasnyadiataskedalaman 200 cm, dibawahlapisanjenuh (a perched water table) disebut 'Epi' (mis. Epiaquands). Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  28. TANAH ANDISOL EpipedonsdipakaiuntukmengklasifikasikanAndisols 'Melanic' dan 'Histic‘ (mis. Melanaquands, HisticCryaquands). Andisols, which show a layer 10 cm or more thick with characteristics of a mollicepipedon and more than 3 % organic carbon are named 'Thaptic' (e.g. ThapticCryaquands). Andisols, which have more than 6.0 percent organic carbon and colors of a mollicepipedon throughout a layer 50 cm or more thick within 60 cm either of the mineral soil surface, or of the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower are named 'Pachic' (e.g. PachicMelanoxerands). Umumnya, Pachicuntukmengidentifikasikanepipedonmolik yang tebal. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  29. TANAH ANDISOL Karakteristikretensi air dipakaiuntukmengklasifikasikanAndisolspadatingkat great-group dan subgroup. Andisols yang mempunyairetensi air 1500-kPa kurangdari 15 % padasampeltanahkeringudaradankurangdari 30 % pd sampeltanahygtidakdikeringkan , dominanpadalapisanatas 60 cm disebut 'Vitric' (mis. Vitraquands, VitricHaplocryands). Andisols that have, undried, a 1500-kPa water retention of 70 % or more throughout a layer 35 cm or more thick within 100 cm either of the mineral soil surface, or of the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower are named 'Hydric' (e.g. Hydrocryands, HydricMelanaquands). Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  30. TANAH ANDISOL Horisonpenciriygdipakaiuntukmengklasifikasikan: 'Petrocalcic', horisonkalsikyngmengalamipengerasan (mis. PetrocalcicVitritorrands), 'Calcic', horisonygmengalamiakumulasikarbonatsekunder (mis. CalcicVitritorrands), 'Alfic', adanyahorisonargillicataukandic (mis. AlficVitrixerands), 'Ultic', i.e., the presence of an argillic or kandic horizon plus a base saturation (by sum of cations) of less than 35 percent throughout its upper 50 cm (e.g. UlticHaploxerands), 'Oxic', horisonlempungberpasirataulebihhalusdankayaliatmuatanrendahtipe 1:1 (mis. OxicHaplustands), 'Placic', i.e., a 2 to 10-mm thick dark reddish brown to black iron or manganese pan (e.g. Placaquands), or presence of a duripan, i.e., a horizon cemented by illuvial silica (e.g. DuricPlacaquands). Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  31. TANAH ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK PEMBEDA DistribusigeografisAndisolsberhubunganeratdnegan volcano yang aktifatauvulkano yang aktifselamajaman Holocene. Soils formed on older volcanic deposits are dominated by crystalline aluminosilicates or the material is mixed with other parent material, therefore, the criteria to qualify for Andisols are not given. Andisols are limited to soils formed on volcanic materials that have weathered enough to produce short-range-order organo-metallic and aluminosilicate compounds, but that have not weathered to the point where crystalline materials predominate or where significant transformations has occurred. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  32. TANAH ANDISOL KARAKTERISTIK PEMBEDA Tanah-tanahdariberbagaiordodapatditemukanpada terrain vulkanik, tetapiAndisolshampirselaluberkembangdaribahanindukpyroclastic. Soils developed in pyroclastic and other fragmental volcanic materials occupy only about 0.8% of the earth's surface. However, because of their very distinct characteristics, they are recognized as a separate soil order in soil taxonomy. KebanyakanAndisolsberkembangdaribahanindukkhusus (volcanic ejecta). Beberapaordotanah, kecualiHistosols, mempunyaibahaninduk yang khasdanlingkungandeposisional. The separation between Spodosols and Andisols is difficult, because short-range order aluminosilicates and organo-metallic complexes occur in the B horizons of soils of both orders. A distinguishing characteristic is the transformations in situ and lack of intensive illuviation of these compounds in Andisols. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  33. PENGELOLAAN ANDISOL Andisolssangatpotensialuntukproduksitanamanpertanian, tetapibanyakAndisolsbelumdigunakansesuaidnegankapasitasnya. Andisolsmerupakantanah yang subur, terutamaAndisolsdaribahanindukabuvulkan alkalis atauintermedierdantidakmengalamipencucianintensif. Masalahseriusadalahtingginyakapasitasfiksasifosfat. Ameliorative measures to reduce this effect (caused by active Al) include application of lime, silica, organic material and 'phosphate' fertilizer. Andisols are easy to cultivate and have good rootability and water storage properties. Strongly hydrated Andisols are difficult to till because of their low bearing capacity and their stickiness. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  34. PENGELOLAAN ANDISOL Andisolsditanamiberbagaijenistanaman , sepertitebu, tembakau, ubijalar (tolerankondisimiskinfosfat), teh, sayuran, gandumdantanaman “orchard”. Andisols on steep slopes are perhaps best kept under forest. Paddy rice cultivation is a major landuse on Andisols in lowlands with shallow groundwater. Budidayapadisawah yang terus-meneruspadaAndisolsmengakibatkanpembentukan “lapisancadas yang kompak” diataslapisanakumulasioksida Fe danMn; lapisankompakinimereduksikehilangan air perkolasi. Diunduhdari: http://www.isric.org/isric/webdocs/docs//major_soils_of_the_world/set3/an/Andisol.pdf ………….. 8/3/2013

  35. TANAH ANDISOL Andisolberkembangdariprosespelapukan yang menghasilkan mineral-mineral dneganstrukturkristalinnyalebah. Mineral-mineral inimempunyaikemampuan yang snagattinggiuntukmenahan air danhara. Andisolmerupakantanah-tanah yang sangatproduktif. Tanah-tanahinimenunjukkantingkatpelapukan yang masihlemah , kayabahangelasvulkanik. Tanah inibanyakditemukandidaerahdingindengancurahhujanmoderathinggatinggu, terutamadidaerah-daerahdengan material vulkanik Andisolmeliputisekitar 1% daripermukaanlahandibumi yang bebases. Diunduhdari: ………….. 15/2/2013

  36. TANAH ANDISOL KonsepsentralAndisolsadalahtanah-tanah yang didominasioleh mineral-mineral “ short-range-order “. Andisolsinimeliputitanah-tanah yang terlapuklemahdengankandungangelasvulkanik yang cukuptinggi. Kandungangelasvulkanikinimerupakansalahsatuciriygdipakaiuntukmendefinisikanciri-ciritanah ANDIK. Materials with andic soil properties comprise 60 percent or more of the thickness between the mineral soil surface or the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties and a depth of 60 cm or a root limiting layer if shallower. Diunduhdari: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/andisols.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  37. TANAH ANDISOL: SUB-ORDO Andisols DIDOMINASI oleh MINERAL-MINERAL “short-range-order” ataukpmpleks Al-humus. BanyakAndisolsberkembangpadabahanindukvulkanikataumateroialvolcaniclastic. Aquands Aquands, mempunyaikondisiaquik, biasanyadibagianbawahlanskapdanvegetasinyahutanataurumput. Sebagiantanah-tanahinitelahdi-drainage dandikeloladebagailahanpertanianataulahanrumput. Cryands Cryands, which have a cryic temperature regime, dominate some areas in Alaska and in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest. Most of the soils formed under coniferous forest vegetation. Most Cryands are used as forest. Torrands Torrands, mempunyairezimlengas-tanaharidik (atautorrik) danrezimsuhungalebihhangatdaricryic, kebanyhakantanahiniberkembangpadakondisivegetasisemak-belukaratauberumput. Tanah-tanahinidigunakansebagailahangembalaanataupertanianirigasi. Diunduhdari: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/andisols_map.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  38. TANAH ANDISOL: SUB-ORDO Udands Udands, mempunyairezimlengas-tanah UDIK, rezimsuhulebihpanasdaripada CRYIK, danbanyaklengastanah yang ditahandengancukupkuatuntukdapatdiserapolehtanaman. Kebanyakantanah-tanahiniberkembangdibawahvegetasihutan. Udandsdigunakansebagaihutan, tetapitanah-tanah yang telahdibukadimanfaatkansebagailahanpertanianproduktifataulahan pasture. Ustands Ustands, which have an ustic moisture regime, a temperature regime warmer than cryic, and a relatively high content of water held too tightly for plants to use. They formed mostly under forest or savanna vegetation. Ustandskebanyakandimanfaatkansebagaihutan, lahanpertanian, atau pasture atauuntukpembangunankawasanperkotaan. Diunduhdari: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/andisols_map.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  39. TANAH ANDISOL: SUB-ORDO Vitrands Vitrands, which are the more or less well drained, coarse textured Andisols that have a udic or ustic moisture regime, a temperature regime warmer than cryic, and a low content of water held too tightly for plants to use. Kebanyakantanahiniberkembangdibawahvegetasihutanconifer. Tanah-tanahinidimanfaatkansebagaihutan, tetapiadasebagian yang dikelolasebagaipadanggembalaan, lahanpertanianatau pasture. Xerands Xerands, mempunyairezimlengas-tanah XERIK, danrezimtemperatur frigid, mesik, atau THERMIK. KebanyakanXerands yang mempunyairezimsuhu frigid ataumesikberkembangdibawahkondisivegetasihutan conifer. SebagianXerands, terutama yang mempunyairezimsuhu THERMIK, berkembangdibawahvegetasirumputdanbelukar. Tanah-tanahinidimanfaatkansebagaihutan, sebagiantelahdibukamenjadilahanpertanianatau pasture. Diunduhdari: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/andisols_map.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  40. TANAH ANDISOL AlficHumicVitrixerand SusunanHorison: Ap - A/B - Bw - 2Ab - 2Eb - 2Btb - 2C  Lokation: Near Mt Gambier/Mt Schank, South Australia. Tape increments in cm.  Photo by D.J. Lowe. Diunduhdari: http://www.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/Andisols.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  41. TANAH ANDISOL AquicVitrixerand SusunanHorison: Oi - A - Bw1 - Bw2 - 2E - 2B/E - 2Btxb1 - 2Btxb2  Location: Idaho, USA. Tape increments in cm. Photo by B. Knapp. Diunduhdari: http://www.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/Andisols.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  42. TANAH ANDISOL ProfiltanahAndisol, menunjukkanhorisonabuvulkanik yang komposisimineraloginyaberagam. Sumber: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff Diunduhdari: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/19529/Andisol-soil-profile-showing-volcanic-ash-horizons-of-various-mineralogical ………….. 8/3/2013

  43. TANAH ANDISOL Ashy/pumiceous, mesic , TypicUdivitrand Lapisantanahatas 50 cm telahberkembangdaribahaninduk “non-welded ignimbrite” darierupsiTaupo c. 233 AD. Material initelahmengalamisedikitpelapukandanteksturnyaberpasir, denganbanyakfragmen pumice. Kandunganliatnyarendah<10%. Underlying horizons to a depth of ~2 m have formed in numerous intermixed tephra layers deposited over the past c. 27,000 years. The dark color of the A horizon is due to shrub-bracken fern vegetation and burning by pre-European Maori (Polynesian) inhabitants since c. 1300 AD. Tanah inikohesinyarendahdanpekaterhadaperosi. Karenaporositasnyatinggi, tanah-tanahinicocokuntukmenerapkanirigasi “sprinkler” danperlakuanpupukkandangsapi. Reference: Prof. D.J. Lowe, Univ. of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ; New Zealand Soil Bureau sample 7669 A-H Diunduhdari: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/andisols_02.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  44. TANAH ANDISOL Melanudand (Costa Rica) Tanah iniberkembangpadalapisan-lapisanabuvulkanikdariVolcanTurrialba. LapisanpermukaanyggelapmerupakanEpipedonmelanik. The A1 horizon contains 16.4% organic matter by weight. The water content at 1500 kPa ranges from 147% in the A1 horizon to 226% in the Bw horizon. Tanah inidigunakanuntukproduksitanaman cilantro dancabe. Diunduhdari: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/andisols_04.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  45. TANAH ANDISOL Medial, amorphicTypicHaplocryandIceland Andisolini (Thingvallasveitpedon) telahberkembangdaribahanindukabuvulkanikdan material aeolindisekitar Taman NasionalThingvellirNational Park, barat-daya Iceland. Lapisanatas 60 cm mengandung 70-80 g/kg C-organik, danhorisonnyakurangjelas. Strukturtanahmasihlemah, danpartikelabuvulkanikberukurandebudanpasir, sehinggatanahinisangatpekaterhadaperosiolehangin. Annual precipitation is 1400 mm and the vegetation is moss/heath. Reference:Arnalds, O., C.T. Hallmark, and L.P. Wilding. 1995. Andisols from four different regions of Iceland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59: 161-169. Diunduhdari: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/andisols_09.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  46. TANAH ANDISOL Bahanindukabuvulkanikdianggap paling menarikdiantarabahan-bahaninduklainnya. Abu vulkanikinimempunyaisifatmineralogikhusus yang melapukmenghasilkantanah-tanah yang karakteristiknyasangatkhas. These are not readily visible in the morphology of the profile and must be determined in a laboratory. What is evident in this profile is the dark A horizon, tan colored profile and stratification. The tan or buff color is mostly the color of the original minerals. There has been little weathering in this young soil. The stratification indicates that more than one volcanic ash deposit occupies this site and that the soil will, over time, develop in both. Diunduhdari: http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc100/New_Zealand_Andisol.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  47. TANAH ANDISOL Ashy over sandy-skeletal, aniso, glassy over isotic, frigid TypicVitrixerand(Bonner series)Profiltanahinitelahberkembangdariduamacambahaninduk, danmerupakancirikhastanah-tanahAndisolsdari Utara Idaho, Timur Washington, danbarat Montana. The upper 35 to 60 cm of the profile contains as much as 60% volcanic ash, the majority of which came from the eruption of Mt. Mazama (now Crater Lake) in southwestern Oregon approximately 7,700 years ago. The lower portion of the profile is formed in glacial outwash materials from glacial Lake Missoula outburst flooding, which occured during the Pleistocene Epoch. In WRB, this soil is classified as a VitricAndisol. Diunduhdari: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/andisols_07.htm ………….. 8/3/2013

  48. TANAH ANDISOL SERI TANAH: BONNER Seri tanah Bonner initerdiriatastanah-tanah yang sangatdalam, drainagenyabagus, berkembangdaribahanindukglasial yang berasaldaribatuan granite, gneiss danschist, denganselubungbahanabuvulkanikdan loess. These soils are on terraces and terrace escarpments. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid to very rapid in the underlying material. Kemiringanberkisar0 - 65 %.. Average annual precipitation is about 30 inches and average annual air temperature is about 43oF. KelasTaksonomi: Ashy over loamy-skeletal, aniso, glassy over isotic, frigid TypicVitrixerands Diunduhdari: https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNER.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  49. TANAH ANDISOL SERI TANAH: BONNER TYPICAL PEDON: Bonner Lempung-debuberabuberkerikil, hutan; padakemiringan2 % danketinggian 2,300 feet. Oi : 0 - 0.3 inches; daundan renting-ranting segar conifer. Oe: 0.3 - 1.1 inches; seresahdaundan ranting lapuksebagian. Oa : 1.1 - 1.3 inches; bahanorganik yang telahlapukbercampurdenganabuvulkanikkelabumuda. A--1.3 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly ashy silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 15 percent pebbles; slightly acid (pH 6.3); abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 6 inches thick) 3C2 horizons Diunduhdari: https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNER.html ………….. 8/3/2013

  50. TANAH ANDISOL SERI TANAH: BONNER Bw: 5 - 21 inchi; coklatpucat (10YR 6/3) lempung-debuberabuberkerikil, coklat(10YR 4/3) lembab; strukturgranulerlemahsangathalus; lunak, sangatgembur, tidak-lekatdanagakplastis; banyakakar-halusdan medium; banyakporisangathalustidakteratur; 15 % pebbles; agakmasam(pH 6.3); batashorison “abrupt smooth”. (tebalnya 11 - 18 inchi) 2BC--21 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many fine roots; many fine tubular pores; 25 percent pebbles and cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.2); gradual wavy boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick) 3C1: 29 to 39 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; many fine and few coarse tubular pores; 40 percent pebbles and cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.1); gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 15 inches thick) Diunduhdari: https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNER.html ………….. 8/3/2013

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