EXTRA CREDIT Get out a piece of paper and write down the 50 states in the next 5 minutes

1. EXTRA CREDIT Get out a piece of paper and write down the 50 states in the next 5 minutes

3. Fun Facts about the BRAIN Your brain is the most complex, mind-blowing organ in the universe.      Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to 40,000 individual connections (called synapses) between cells.   Multiplying 100 billion neurons times 40,000 synapses is equivalent to the brain having more connections in it than there are stars in the universe.   A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses, all "talking" to one another The brain is one of the best examples of the “use it or lose it” principle.   Connections that are used repeatedly in the early years become permanent; while those that are not used are pruned.   At age 11, the brain begins to prune extra connections at a rapid rate. The circuits that remain are more specific and efficient. 

4. The signals can travel at these high speeds because a part of neurons, called axons, are wrapped and insulated by a special substance called myelin.   • Axons that are not insulated by myelin, either by design or disease, transmit signals 10 times slower. • Also, the areas of the brain that develop early, such as vision, are the first areas to become myelinated (wrapped in myelin), which helps that part of the brain become more efficient. • During late adolescence and into the mid 20s, the front third of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or executive brain, continues to develop. • Information in your brain travels at about 268 miles per hour, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down.  

5. Glucose and oxygen run your brain cells.   Unlike other cells in your body, glucose is the only fuel your brain knows how to use.     Anything that impairs glucose delivery to brain cells is life threatening.   • Oxygen is required to produce energy, without it the energy powerhouses of neurons called mitochondria will not produce enough energy to keep your brain alive.   Because blood delivers glucose and oxygen to your brain, nothing must get in the way of blood flow if the brain is to stay healthy.     Unconsciousness will occur after 8-10 seconds after loss of blood supply to the brain.  

8. Construction in Progress

9. Prefrontal Cortex • The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior.The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. • The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). • Interestingly, the part of the brain known as the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is key in our emotional responses. This would explain why teens may make decisions based more on feeling rather than rational thinking and may play into why they make unhealthy or risky decisions.

10. Addiction and the Brain

11. Details of a neuron • B is the • axon • C is the • cell body • A is the • myelin • sheath • D is the • dendrite The body is made up of billions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons.

12. How Neurons Communicate Communication of information between neurons is made possible by movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse. Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released from one neuron at the pre-synaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor.

13. Dopamine: • Natural chemical in brain associated with pleasure • What natural things activate dopamine? • Sports • Friends • Accomplishments • Activities • Family • Food

15. Healthy Brain at Rest

16. Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated

17. Healthy Brain that is High for First Time

20. Each time a person gets high, the “feel-good” response is less and less. • When a person gets high repeatedly, he or she begins to deplete normal dopamine levels. • So eventually…

21. Brain of Regular Drug User at Rest

22. Brain of Regular Drug User Brain When High

23. Healthy Brain at Rest

24. Drug User’s Brain When High Brain of Drug User at Rest Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated Drug User’s Brain: Dopamine Activated Brain of Drug User at Rest Healthy Brain at Rest

31. Your Brain After Drugs Normal Cocaine Abuser (10 da) Cocaine Abuser (100 da)

32. Teen choices are normally based on what according to the article? Regions of the brain continue to mature until what age? What part of the brain is responsible for thinking ahead and sizing up risks and rewards? What part of your brain is responsible for emotional responses? Why are teens more likely to make bad choices when it comes to drugs?

33. 6. What part of your brain creates memories? 7. What is the name of the two fine tuning processes of the brain called? 8. How can teens control how their brain develops? 9. What neurotransmitter is responsible for making you feel “high” when it floods the brain? 10. What are the 2 things that the limbic system does in response to the flood of excess neurotransmitters?

34. Tobacco What do you know about Tobacco? It is believed that tobacco has been cultivated in the Americas since 6,000 B.C. Tobacco is in the same family as the potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant.

35. Chemicals Found In Cigarettes There are 600 ingredients in cigarettes, that when burned created 4,000 chemicals. 200 are know poisons 69 are known to cause cancer (carcinogens) Did you KNOW Smoke from one cigarette can take up to three hours to clear an average sized room! Smoke filled rooms can have up to six-times the air pollution as a busy highway

36. Chemicals Found In Cigarettes Acetone Ammonia Arsenic Benzene Carbon monoxide Cyanide DDT Formaldehyde Lead Methanol Napthalene Nicotine Tar Mercury

37. FDA Regulation of Tobacco Are tobacco products regulated by the FDA? Are nicotine replacement products (patches, gum, lozenge) regulated by the FDA?

40. Short Term Effects of Tobacco Use Smell Nails Teeth Wrinkles High blood pressure Increased heart rate Shortness of breath Sexual dysfunction

41. Long Term Effects of Tobacco Use Heart disease Stoke Emphysema Lung cancer Bladder cancer Larynx cancer Stomach cancer Uterine cancer Breast cancer

42. Why do people smoke? Available Stress Weight Boredom Influence Image

43. The Facts The majority of people, even teens, do NOT smoke. 74% of Missourians are SMOKE-FREE Only 26 out of 100 adults smoke. Only 24 out of 100 teenagers smoke.

44. The Facts Nicotine is ADDICTIVE It’s easier never to start smoking than to quit smoking Most teens (75%) who are daily smokers and planned to stop smoking were still smoking 5-7 years later 8 out of 10 teens say that if they had to do it over, they would NOT start smoking Just what price are you willing to pay for Tobacco...

45. Tobacco Industry Influence The tobacco industry spends 12.4 billion dollars yearly 34.1 million dollars a day advertising their product! In MO they spend $460.9million a year on advertising and marketing WHY? They lose over 440,000 customers in the U.S. every year Almost 90% of smokers started smoking before the age of 18!

46. Marijuana • What is marijuana? Marijuana—often called pot, grass, reefer, weed, herb, mary jane, or mj—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant. Most users smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes called joints, among other names; some use pipes or water pipes called bongs. Marijuana cigars called blunts have also become popular. Teeee

47. What Pot Smokers Will Tell You Marijuana/Weed/Pot… is safer than alcohol is not addictive will help you do things better is natural → is safe is “medical” → is safe is good for society

49. Current Trends In the past few years, according to the 2004 Monitoring the Future Survey, an annual survey of drug use among the Nation’s middle and high school students, illicit drug use by 8th-, 10th-, and 12th graders has leveled off. Still, in 2004, 16 percent of 8th-graders reported that they had tried marijuana, and 6 percent were currentusers . Among 10th-graders, 35 percent had tried marijuana sometime in their lives, and 16 percent were current users. As would be expected, rates of use among 12th-graders were higher still. 46% percent had tried marijuana at some time, and 20 percent were current users.

50. Other Trends • It was a contributing factor in 119,000 emergency room visits in 2002 • 57% of juvenile males and 32% of juvenile females arrestees tested positive for marijuana