Pre- Conditioning course

1. Pre- Conditioning course Prepared by DP Venter from pre-conditioning booklet as well as AEL presentation slides.

2. Facebursts What is a “faceburst”? A “faceburst” is defined as the ejection of rock from mining faces at a very high velocity into the mine workings due to the violent release of accumulated strain energy.

3. Rock types and strengths Lava 320 MPa VCR Reef 280 MPa Quartzites 240-260 MPa

4. High stress on face -facebursts Face deforming resulting in face bursts when energy is released violently High vertical stress

5. Preconditioning What is preconditioning? Preconditioning, also called “destress blasting”, is a rockburst control technique that regularly involves setting off designed blasts ahead of the stope face. The blasts dissipate energy by promoting slip on fractures, which transfers the stresses further away from the stope face (Figure 1). This is achieved by remobilising the existing fractures in the rockmass so that strain energy is not accumulated immediately ahead of the working face. When the preconditioning blasts redistribute stress away from the working face, a cushion of stress-relieved rock ahead of the stope face is provided, and this is able to absorb energy from distant events.

6. Pre-conditioned face Pre-conditioned hole Face fractured and cannot burst High vertical stress

7. Face conditions –without preconditioning

8. Face condition with preconditioning

9. Benefits of pre-conditioning What are the benefits of pre-conditioning? The benefits of preconditioning are as follows: minimised/eliminated faceburst” hazard (no faceburst incident has been reported from panels where preconditioning was regularly and properly implemented); reduced damage by distant seismic events; reduced accident/injury rate (seismicity, f.o.g.); improved H/W conditions better stoping-width control; improved face conditions (clean and straight break, no sockets); improved hangingwall fracturing (less shallow dipping fractures); increased face advance per blast, therefore greater productivity and production bonuses; increased drilling rate; reduced fragment size of blasted reef, therefore easier cleaning; reduced dilution; reduced stoping cost; and

10. Methods of preconditioing Face-Perpendicular Preconditioning The face-perpendicular preconditioning technique involves the drilling and blasting of face-preconditioning holes as an integral part of the actual production blast cycle. Face perpendicular preconditioning is suited to normal production faces as it integrates well into the mining cycle.

11. Methods of preconditioning cont. Face-parallel preconditioning layout in an overhand mining layout (not to scale) As shown in this figure, Panel 2 has been mined to the limit of effective preconditioning, i.e. the position of the previous preconditioning hole. The next hole must be drilled between 3.5 m and 5.5 m from the current face. The hole must be kept parallel to the face to ensure a consistent preconditioning effect along the entire length of the face

12. Beast panels

13. LAYOUT OF PRE-CONDITIONED UP-DIP PANEL UNMINED DIP MINING DIRECTION Updip Panel • Updip hole positions

14. 2.0 – 3.5 Metres Preconditioning holes Blasting holes 2.0 - 3,5 MM4,5m 3m(Max) Pre condition and blast holes • Face drill holes

15. Face Blast Hole Fuse inserted in first capsule Fuses in the blast & preconditioning holes must almost be lined up vertically. Preconditioning Hole Fuse inserted in last capsule Face Blast Hole Fuse inserted in first capsule Tamping must be used Section showing Blast & preconditioning holes

16. Priming and tamping

17. FRE E FACE Assume to be three meters Assume to be three meters Green Line - Extenders with HandiMasters Yellow Line - HandiMasters Orange Blocks - HandiMaster Blocks 200ms delay DIRECTION OF BLAST Blasting of pre conditioned holes

18. Direction of blast Reverse timing - block pattern with pre-conditioning in slow motion (From AEL) Free face Assume to be three meters Assume to be three meters Blue line - Extenders with REEFMASTERS Yellow line - REEFMASTER Orange blocks - REEFMASTER blocks 200m/s delay

19. Direction of blast Reverse timing - block pattern with Pre-conditioning in fast mode (From AEL) Free face Assume to be three meters Assume to be three meters Blue line - Extenders with REEFMASTERS Yellow line – REEFMASTERS Orange blocks – REEFMASTER blocks 200m/s delay

20. Reverse timing - block pattern with pre-conditioning in 3D ( From AEL) Free f ace Blue line - Extenders Yellow line - REEFMASTERS Orange blocks – REEFMASTER blocks 200m/s delay Red holes - Production holes Blue holes – Pre-conditioning holes

21. Reverse timing - block pattern with pre-conditioning in 3D fast mode (From AEL) Free face Blue line - Extenders Yellow line - REEFMASTERS Orange Blocks – REEFMASTER blocks 200m/s delay Red holes - Production holes Blue holes – Pre-conditioning holes

22. Reverse timing - block pattern with pre-conditioning in 3D slow mode (From AEL) Free face Blue line - Extenders Yellow line – REEFMASTERS Orange blocks – REEFMASTER blocks 200m/s delay Red holes - Production holes Blue holes – Pre-conditioning holes