Revolutions in Russia

1. Revolutions in Russia Chapter 14, Section 1

2. Introduction • The Russian Revolution was like a firecracker with a very long fuse. The explosion came in 1917, yet the fuse had been burning for nearly a century. The cruel, oppressive rule of most 19th-century czars caused widespread social unrest for decades. Army officers revolted in 1825. Secret revolutionary groups plotted to overthrow the government.

3. In 1881, revolutionaries angry over the slow pace of political change assassinated the reform-minded czar, __________. Russia was heading toward a full-scale revolution.

4. Czars Resist Change

5. End to Reform • In 1881, __________becomes czar and ends the reforms of his father, Alexander II. • Alexander III institutes ____________, suppressing all opposition and decent.

6. Russia Industrializes

7. Czars Continue Autocratic Rule • Government censors written criticism; secret police monitor schools • __________ living in Russia are treated harshly

8. Anti-Jewish Pogroms • ______ become target of government backed pogroms (organized persecutions) • Alexander III encourages Jewish emigration to the United States during this time. The musical ___________ is set in this era.

9. In 1894, _______ becomes czar and continues autocratic ways

10. Rapid Industrialization • Number of factories doubles between 1863 and 1900, but Russia still lags behind other European countries. • In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production and a major railway begins

11. The Revolutionary Movement Grows • Industrialization breeds discontent over working conditions and wages. • Growing popularity of _________ idea that proletariat (workers) will rule • _________—Marxists who favor revolution by a small committed group

12. Lenin • _______—Bolshevik leader—an excellent organizer and inspiring leader

13. Crisis at Home and Abroad

14. The Russo-Japanese War • Defeat in the __________ in the early 1900s causes unrest in Russia.

15. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 • In 1905, ________ workers march on the czar’s palace to demand reforms • The army fires into the crowd, killing many • _______ leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas if forced to make reforms

16. The short lived Duma • The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in _____ • Czar is unwilling to share power, dissolves the Duma after only 10 weeks

17. World War I: The Final Blow • Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s weakness • Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government in his absence

18. Czarina falls under the influence of _____—a mysterious “holy man”—who she believes has the power to heal her son. • Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence and murder him • Army losing effectiveness; people at home are hungry and unhappy

19. The March Revolution

20. First Steps • In March 1917, strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire on workers. • Most of the tension is caused by Nicholas II personally taking command of the military in World War I, and the war going so badly.

21. The Czar Steps Down • __________—protests become uprising; Nicholas abdicates throne • Duma establishes provisional, or temporary government • __________—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—control many cities

22. Lenin Returns to Russia • In April 1917, Germans aid _______ in returning from exile to Russia (pictured in disguise with his goatee shaved and wearing a wig).

23. The Bolshevik Revolution

24. The Provisional Government Topples • In _________, workers take control of the government

25. Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in control of factories • __________ sign treaty with Germany; Russia pulls out of World War I

26. Civil War Rages in Russia • Civil War between ___________ and loosely allied White Army • __________ wins three-year war that leaves 14 million dead

27. Comparing World Revolutions • ____________ Revolutions are similar—both attempt to remake society and use violence against citizens who resist these changes.

28. Lenin Restores Order

29. New Economic Policy • In ________, Lenin launches New Economic Policy; has some capitalism • NEP and peace restore economy shattered by war and revolution • By 1928, ________ farms and factories are producing again

30. Political Reforms • Lenin creates self-governing republics under national government • In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet __________ (U.S.S.R.) • __________—new name taken by Bolsheviks from the writings of Marx

31. Stalin Becomes Dictator

32. A New Leader • Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin after Lenin’s death • _________—cold, hard Communist Party general secretary in 1922 Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin

33. Stalin gains power from _________ • Lenin dies in 1924 • Stalin gains complete power in 1928; Trotsky is forced into exile. • _______ is murdered in Mexico City in 1940 by an NKVD agent. Room where Trotsky was murdered (above); Trotsky’s murderer, NKVD agent, Romón Mercader (right).