1 / 50

Module A Review

Module A Review. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for three important properties of water. High Specific H eat: water resists changes in temp. Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other. Adhesion: water molecules stick to other things. stomach acid pH between 1 and 3. more acidic.

chanda-riley
Download Presentation

Module A Review

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Module A Review

  2. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for three important properties of water. • High Specific Heat: water resists changes in temp. • Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other. • Adhesion: water molecules stick to other things.

  3. stomach acid pH between 1 and 3 more acidic Some compounds form acids or bases. • An acid releases a hydrogen ion when it dissolves in water. • high H+ concentration • pH less than 7

  4. pure water pH 7 • A neutral solution has a pH of 7.

  5. bile pH between 8 and 9 more basic • low H+ concentration • pH greater than 7 • A base removes hydrogen ions from a solution.

  6. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds (strong bonds) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures • Straight chain • Branched chain (3-D structures) • Ring

  7. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids

  8. Carbohydrates

  9. Lipids Lipids

  10. Proteins

  11. Nucleic acids

  12. Dehydration Synthesis • Two monomers need to join • One monomer loses (-OH) and one loses (-H) • The two monomers join and the (-OH) and (-H) join, forming H2O • A-OH + B-H  AB + HOH (H2O)

  13. Hydrolysis • A polymer needs to break apart (the carbs, proteins, and lipids we ingest are too big for us to use) • Water breaks apart into (-OH) and (-H) and splits the polymer into monomers • The (-OH) and (-H) bond to each monomer to make them stable molecules • AB + HOH (H2O)  A-OH + B-H

  14. A catalyst lowers activation energy. • Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions • Decrease activation energy • Increase reaction rate

  15. Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. • Enzymes are catalysts in living things. • Enzymes are needed for almost all processes. • Most enzymes are proteins.

  16. Disruptions in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning. • Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions. • Changes in temperature or pH can break hydrogen bonds. • An enzyme’s function depends on its structure.

  17. An enzyme’s structure allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme. Substrates: reactants that bind to an enzyme Active site: area on the enzyme where substrates bind

  18. Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. • The Cell Theory: • All organisms are made of cells. • All cells come from other cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in living things.

  19. All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic. • All cells are enclosed by a membrane. • All cells are filled with cytoplasm. • All cells have ribosomes. • All cells have genetic material

  20. There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells & prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells • Have a nucleus • Have membrane-bound organelles • Prokaryotic cells • Do not have a nucleus (still have DNA) • Do not have membrane-bound organelles

  21. Cell Membrane (aka Plasma Membrane) • Function: Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Made of: • Phospholipids • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Cholesterol • Steroids 1 1 1 IN ALL CELLS

  22. Cytoplasm • Function: holds organelles in place; location of various reactions in the cell • Organelles: parts of the cell with specific jobs/functions 2 2 2 IN ALL CELLS

  23. Ribosomes • Function: protein synthesis • Found in cytoplasm or on the Rough ER IN ALL CELLS

  24. Nucleus • Function: Control center of the cell (“brain”) • Has its own membrane • Stores DNA(chromosomes) 4 3 4 3

  25. Nucleolus • Function: Makes RNA (a nucleic acid) • Found inside the nucleus

  26. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Helps break down toxins, poisons, and waste Helps process carbs & lipids  “Roadway” of the cell • Helps make and transport proteins • Ribosomes on surface make it look rough

  27. Golgi Body/Apparatus • Function: Packages products (ex. – proteins) for the cell to export • UPS for the cell

  28. Lysosomes • Function: Contain enzymes to digest materials for the cell • Not found in plant cells

  29. Mitochondria • Function: Where energy is made for the cell • Have a double membrane • Inner membrane (cristae) is folded – this increases surface area to allow more energy to be made at a time • Other structures in the body are like this as well (small intestine, lungs)

  30. Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Make and store pigments in fruits, roots, etc. (red color in tomatoes)  Pigment-containing organelles • Site of photosynthesis (makes food) 6

  31. Vacuole • Function: Stores water and food • Plant cells: large and singular • Animal cells: small and numerous

  32. Cell Wall • Function: protection for plant, fungal, and bacterial cells 5 5

  33. Selective Permeability • Allows some materials to cross the membrane but not all • Enables cell to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis: ability to maintain internal stable conditions • Molecules can cross in a variety of ways • Other terms: semipermeable & selectively permeable

  34. Passive transport does not require energy (ATP) input from a cell. • Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. • Two types of passive transport: • Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration • Osmosis: diffusion of water

  35. Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient. • High to low concentration

  36. How do different solutions affect cells? • There are 3 types of solutions: • Isotonic: solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. • Water moves in and out evenly • Cell size stays constant

  37. How do different solutions affect cells? • There are 3 types of solutions: • Hypertonic: solution has more solutes than a cell • More water exits the cell than enters • Cell shrivels or dies

  38. How do different solutions affect cells? • There are 3 types of solutions: • Hypotonic: solution has fewer solutes than a cell • More water enters the cell than exits • Cell expands or bursts

  39. Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the membrane • Ex: glucose (needed by cell to make energy) • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins Video 

  40. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, & Exocytosis • Key Concept: • Cells use energy (ATP) to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

  41. Active Transport • Drives molecules across a membrane from lower to higher concentration • Goes against the concentration gradient

  42. Endocytosis • Process of taking in liquids or larger molecules into a cell by engulfing in a vesicle; requires energy • Like Pac man

  43. Exocytosis • Process of releasing substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the membrane • Reverse of endocytosis

  44. Sodium-Potassium Pump • Uses a membrane protein to pump three Na+ (sodium ions) across the membrane in exchange for two K+ (potassium ions) • ATP (energy) is needed to make the protein change its shape so that Na+ and K+ can move through it and cross the membrane • Helps the heart contract, helps regulate blood pressure, allows neurons to respond to stimuli and send signals

  45. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms get their energy (glucose) from sunlight. • Energy is stored as carbohydrate in seeds and bulbs • Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  46. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Why do we see green? • Green color from white light reflected NOT absorbed • Chloroplast: organelle responsible for photosynthesis • Chlorophyll: located within Chloroplast • Green pigment

  47. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • 2 Phases • Light-dependent reaction • Light-independent reaction • Light-dependent: converts light energy into chemical energy; produces ATP molecules to be used to fuel light-independent reaction • Light-independent: uses ATP produced to make simple sugars.

  48. CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Two Types: • Aerobic: needs Oxygen • Anaerobic: does NOT need Oxygen • 3 Stages: • Glycolysis • Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) • Electron Transport Chain

  49. CELLULAR RESPIRATION • 3 Stages: • Glycolysis = ANAEROBIC • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) = AEROBIC • Electron Transport Chain = AEROBIC

  50. CELLULAR RESPIRATION • FERMENTATION • 2 Kinds: • Lactic Acid • Alcoholic • Both kinds only use GLYCOLYSIS • How many ATPs does that mean they make?

More Related