Classification of Living Things

1. Classification of Living Things

2. Tacitusbellus Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen Finding Order in Diversity • *To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. All Scientist will be using the same name • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. • Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. • Classification systems change with expanding knowledge.

3. Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778) Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish botanist • Developed Binomial Nomenclature • ***All Scientist will be using the same scientific name. • Two-word naming system • Genus • Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized • Species • Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized • Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name • Ex. Ursus arctos

4. Each of the levels is called a TAXON Ursus arctos (scientific name) System of Classification • Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes eight levels (from largest to smallest) • Grizzly Bear (common name) • Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Family Ursidae • Genus Ursus • Species arctos

5. K P C O F G S System of Classification • Taxonomic categories, an acronym: • Domain Dear • Kingdom King • Phylum Phillip • Class Came • Order Over • Family For • Genus Good • Species Soup

6. Worksheet Use the table to complete the worksheet

7. Evolutionary Classification • Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms • Evolutionary classification – strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history • Fossil record • Comparative homologies • Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms • Molecular clocks

8. Molecular Clock Allows scientist to compare DNA sequences from two species to estimate how long it has been since they diverged from a common ancestor

9. Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogenetic Tree: Represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships Looks like a Branch on a tree

10. Cladogram Taxonomic Diagrams Which organism is the outgroup Mammals Which 2 organism are more closely related Attempt to trace the process of evolution by focusing on shared features Crocodiles and birds

11. Refer to page 496 to 497 Group practice

12. Individual practice

13. (3) (6) (32) (90) (493) (5,404) The more specific you get, the more options you have. (94,240) (953,434)

15. Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms • Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. • After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5

16. Worksheet

18. Domains (Notice the domains on the chart) • Most inclusive category • Larger than a kingdom • There are 3 • Eukarya – includes the kingdoms • Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals • Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria • Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

19. Slides 17-23 • Is more specific with the classification

20. Kingdoms • (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls • Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals • Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls • Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose • Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall

21. Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years) Kingdom - Eubacteria • Common name: Bacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes • Peptidogylcan in cell wall • Ecologically diverse • Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla • Reproduce both sexually and asexually

22. Archaea first detected in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs. Kingdom - Archaebacteria • Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan • Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms • Live in extreme environments (devoid of oxygen): • volcanic hot springs • brine pools • black organic mud

23. Entamoeba histolytica Kingdom Protista • A classification problem – consists of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi • Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular • Autotrophic and heterotrophic • Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia • Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups • Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis

24. Boletus zelleri (Edible, but often infected with fly larvae) Epidermophyton floccosum (one of the causes of athlete's foot) Kingdom Fungi • Most feed on dead, decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbing it into their bodies • Cell walls of CHITIN • Most multicellular; some unicellular • Heterotrophic

25. Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Nonmotile – cannot move from place to place • Cell wall with cellulose • Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs

26. Colony of sponges Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum Chambered Nautilus Txodes scapularis Deer tick Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • No cell walls or chloroplasts • Incredibly diversity

27. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • From general to more specific Hierarchical Systemof Classification

28. How Many Kingdoms? 6 Kingdoms

29. Activity: What am I?

30. Ecotherms vs Endotherms Ectotherm, Any so-called cold-bloodedanimal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectotherms include the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates. Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals.