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AP PSYCHOLOGY

AP PSYCHOLOGY. Unit 8 Personality. What is Personality?. Personality an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting four basic perspectives Psychoanalytic Trait Humanistic Social-cognitive. 4 Major Perspectives on Personality.

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AP PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8 Personality

  2. What is Personality? • Personality • an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting • four basic perspectives • Psychoanalytic • Trait • Humanistic • Social-cognitive

  3. 4 Major Perspectives on Personality Trait Perspective – dimensions we’re born with Humanistic Approach – inner capacities for growth Social-Cognitive Approach – shaped by our environment Psychoanalytical Theory – unconscious motivation dominates personality

  4. Personality Assessment • Objective (standardized) Tests ►Empirically Derived Test • a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups • Reliability – should have consistency of scores • Validity – measures what it is supposed to measure

  5. Personality Assessment • Personality Inventory • a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors • used to assess selected personality traits

  6. Personality Assessment • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests • originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) • now used for many other screenings

  7. Clinically significant range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hypochondriasis (concern with body symptoms) Depression (pessimism, hopelessness) After treatment (no scores in the clinically significant range Hysteria (uses symptoms to solve problems) Before treatment (anxious, depressed, and displaying deviant behaviors) Psychopathic deviancy (disregard for social standards) Masculinity/femininity (interests like those of other sex) Paranoia (delusions, suspiciousness) Psychasthenia (anxious, guilt feelings) Schizophrenia (withdrawn, bizarre thoughts) Hypomania (overactive, excited, impulsive) Social introversion (shy, inhibited) 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 T-score Personality Assessment • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile

  8. Personality Assessment • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator • Kiersey-Bates Temperament Sorter When the phone rings do you (A) run to answer it or (B) hope someone else will answer it?

  9. Assessing the Unconscious • Projective Test • a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

  10. Assessing theUnconscious - TAT

  11. Assessing the Unconscious • Rorschach Inkblot Test • the most widely used projective test • a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach • seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

  12. Assessing the Unconscious- Rorschach

  13. AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8 Personality

  14. The Trait Perspective • Trait • a characteristic pattern of behavior • a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

  15. UNSTABLE Moody Touchy Anxious Restless Rigid Aggressive Sober Excitable Pessimistic Changeable Reserved Impulsive Unsociable Optimistic Quiet Active choleric melancholic INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED Passive phlegmatic sanguine Sociable Careful Outgoing Thoughtful Talkative Peaceful Responsive Controlled Easygoing Reliable Lively Even-tempered Carefree Calm Leadership STABLE The Trait Perspective • Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

  16. The “Big Five” Personality Factors Trait Dimension Description Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Agreeableness Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless The Trait Perspective

  17. Evaluating the Trait Perspective • Situational influences on behavior are important to consider • People can fake desirable responses on self-report measures of personality • Averaging behavior across situations seems to indicate that people do have distinct personality traits

  18. AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8 Personality

  19. Humanistic Perspective • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) • studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln, Roosevelt, Gandhi, etc..)

  20. Humanistic Perspective S.A. Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs

  21. Humanistic Perspective • Self-Actualization • the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved • the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

  22. Characteristics of Self-Actualized Persons They accept themselves, other people, and the natural world for what they are. They have a great deal of spontaneity. They are problem-centered rather than self-centered. They are autonomous and independent. Their sense of humor is philosophical rather than hostile. They resist conformity to the culture.

  23. They transcend the environment rather than just coping with it. Their intimate relationships with a few specially loved people tend to be profound and deeply emotional rather than superficial.

  24. Humanistic Perspective • Carl Rogers (1902-1987) • focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals • requires three conditions: • genuineness • empathy • acceptance

  25. Humanistic Perspective • Unconditional Positive Regard • an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

  26. Humanistic Perspective • Self-Concept • all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?’ • Self-Esteem • one’s feelings of high or low self-worth • Self-Serving Bias • readiness to perceive oneself favorably

  27. Humanistic Perspective • Individualism • giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

  28. Humanistic Perspective • Collectivism • giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

  29. Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism Concept Individualism Collectivism Self Independent Interdependent (identity from individual traits) (identity from belonging) Life task Discover and express one’s uniqueness Maintain connections, fit in What matters Me--personal achievement and fulfillment; We--group goals and solidarity; rights and liberties social responsibilities and relationships Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks (self-based) (duty-based) Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring; confrontation acceptable harmony valued Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social behavior and attitudes norms and roles Humanistic Perspective

  30. Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective • Concepts like self-actualization are vague • Emphasis on self may promote self-indulgence and lack of concern for others • Theory does not address reality of human capacity for evil • Theory has impacted popular ideas on child-rearing, education, management, etc.

  31. AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8 Personality

  32. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Three specific ways in which individuals and environments interact: 1. Different people choose different environments.

  33. Social-Cognitive Perspective 2. Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events.

  34. Social-Cognitive Perspective 3. Our personalities help create situations to which we react.

  35. Internal personal/ cognitive factors (liking high-risk activities) Environmental factors (bungee-jumping friends) Behavior (learning to bungee jump) Social-Cognitive Perspective • Reciprocal Determinism • the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

  36. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Personal Control • our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

  37. Social-Cognitive Perspective • External Locus of Control • the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

  38. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Internal Locus of Control • the perception that one controls one’s own fate

  39. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Learned Helplessness • the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

  40. Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective • Built from research on learning and cognition • Fails to consider unconscious motives and individual disposition • Today, cognitive-behavioral theory is perhaps the predominant psychological approach to explaining human behavior

  41. AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit 8 Personality

  42. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • From Freud’s theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

  43. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Psychoanalysis • technique of treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality sought to explain what he observed during psychoanalysis

  44. Ego Conscious mind Preconscious mind Superego Id Personality Structure • Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure Unconscious mind

  45. The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Divisions of the Mind • Conscious • information that is in our awareness level of the mind • Preconscious • information that is not conscious, but is retrievable into conscious awareness

  46. The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Divisions of the Mind • Unconscious • Freud-a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories • Contemporary-information processing of which we are unaware

  47. Ego Conscious mind Preconscious mind Superego Id Unconscious mind

  48. The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Divisions of Personality • Id • a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy • strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives • operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

  49. The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Divisions of Personality • Superego • the voice of conscience that represents internalized ideals on how one “ought” to behave • strives for perfection, virtue, yet ironically may lead to negative feelings or guilt • operates on the control principle

  50. The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Divisions of Personality • Ego • the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality • mediates among the demands of the id, superego and ego • operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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