Nature of Cartography

1. Nature of Cartography Michael A. McAdamsGeography Dept.Fatih UniversityIstanbul, Turkey

2. What are we trying to do when we study Cartography? Discover spatial reality? Meaning of spatial relationships? Where things are absolutely located, measured and how find directions? Make pretty maps? I really do not know?

3. Maps Represent the World Contested meanings ~ maps are texts to be �decoded�

4. Decoding Maps Key terms Projection � the formal representation of the round world on a flat surface

5.  Projection

6. Maps as Spatial Imagery Map - the graphic representation of the geographical setting. Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects. Cartography is an efficient way of manipulating, analysing and expressing ideas, forms and relationships that occur in two- and three-dimensional space. http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

7. Characteristics of Maps Locations in two-dimensional space Attributes - qualities or magnitudes Examples: Relationships among locations, e.g. Distance Relationships among various attributes at one location, e.g. Temperature, rainfall and soil Relationships among the locations of the attributes of a given distribution, e.g. Rainfall Relationships among the locations of derived or combined attributes of given distributions, e.g. Relation of GDP and populationhttp://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

8. More Characteristics of Maps All geographical maps are reductions. Scale. All maps involve geometrical transformations. Map projection. All maps are abstractions of reality. All maps use signs to stand for elements of reality. Symbolism. http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Lect-01_files/frame.htm

9. Catagories of Maps Classed by scale Small-scale mapLarge-scale map Classed by functionGeneral reference mapsThematic mapsCharts Classed by subject matter

10. Processes in Cartography Collecting and selecting the data for mapping Manipulating and generalising the data, designing and constructing the map Reading or view the map Responding to or interpreting the information

11. Map Effectiveness

12. Geographic Information Transformation

13. The Scope of Cartography

14. Emphasis on Cartographic Representation The principal task of cartography is to communicate environmental information. The emphasis on cartographic representation is map effectiveness in thought and communication. This is best achieved by treating the making and using of maps equally.

15. Spatial and Non-Spatial Disciplines Intergration

16. Conclusion Cartography is a complex discipline that has a rich and varied history It is intergrated part of geography The root and the guidance for all spatial technologies Is and art involving design and also a science due to representation of the earth (or another planet) visual and non-visual attributes

17. General Reference Map

18. Map of Central Istanbul

19. General Reference Map??

20. What is the purpose of maps? General Reference Show spatial patterns (Cloropleth, Dot maps, Graduated Symbols, animation, etc.) for data

21. Cloropleth (thematic) map

23. Steps for Communicating Map Information 1. Consider what the real-world distribution of the phenomena might look like. 2. Determine the purpose for making the map 3. Collect data appropriate for the map purpose 4. Construct the map 5. Determine whether users find the map useful and informative Source: Slocum, Terry A. Thematic Cartography and Visualization, 1999.

24. Animated Map(Expansion of Ottoman Empire)