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EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR

EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR. 1907: “Peace Resolution” adopted by the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International 1908: Young Turk Revolution (July); Bosnian Annexation Crisis (October-November) 1911: Second Morocco Crisis

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EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR

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  1. EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT WAR 1907: “Peace Resolution” adopted by the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International 1908: Young Turk Revolution (July); Bosnian Annexation Crisis (October-November) 1911: Second Morocco Crisis 1912: First Balkan War (London Ambassadors’ Conference meets in December 1912) 1913: Second Balkan War December 1913: Liman von Sanders Affair June 28: 1914: Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

  2. Henri Rousseau, “War” (1893/94):The Paris Avant-Garde’s view of the Franco-Russian Alliance

  3. “The People in Arms”(SPD, 1896) “The German loves the uniform, The saber and the gun, The spiked helmet is the norm, That’s how we have our fun.” “The judge, the prosecutor, The banker’s son and pastor, They all take the floor As a martial arts master.”

  4. “A Social Democratic New Year’s Greeting” (January 1, 1900): Tirpitz and Queen Victoria are chased away by the new century

  5. PICKETS AT A RUHR COAL MINE, JANUARY 1905:200,000 miners went on strike in 1905; when urged to attack France, Wilhelm II replied that Social Democracy must be crushed first….

  6. PEACE RESOLUTION adopted in 1907 at the Stuttgart Congress of the Socialist International (after Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg had called for a general strike) [The congress calls for stronger international courts of arbitration and worldwide disarmament.] “If a war threatens to break out, it is the duty of the working classes and their parliamentary representatives in the countries involved… to exert every effort in order to prevent the outbreak of war by the means they consider most effective, which naturally vary according to the sharpening of the class struggle and the sharpening of the general political situation. [Bold-face passage added by moderates.] “In case war should break out anyway, it is their duty to intervene in favor of its speedy termination and with all their powers to utilize the economic and political crisis created by the war to rouse the masses and thereby to hasten the downfall of capitalist class rule.”

  7. Proportion of Germans in Austria: 33%.Proportion of Magyars in Hungary: 54%.

  8. Rival nationalisms in the Balkans

  9. Serbia veered toward a pro-Russian foreign policy as a result of the “May Overthrow” of King Alexander I in 1903

  10. Greek lithograph to celebrate the proclamation of a new constitution for the Ottoman Empire on July 24, 1908

  11. AUSTRIA’S DUPLICITY IN 1908 ENDED THE CAREER OF THE LAST RUSSIAN WHO SOUGHT COOPERATION… Count Aehrenthal, Austrian foreign minister, 1906-12 Alexander Izvolsky, Russian foreign minister, 1906-10 They met secretly in Moravia on Sep. 16, 1908 (see Norman Rich, pp. 410-14)

  12. “The Boiling Pot”(Punch, 1908)

  13. The Young Turks displayed special interest in the employment of German military trainers(cartoon from Punch, October 5, 1910)

  14. “France will be able to bring civilization, riches, and peace to Morocco” (French troops occupied Fez and Rabat in May 1911) SMS Panther, the German gunboat that sailed into Agadir Harbor on July 1, 1911

  15. The Partition of Morocco in 1912

  16. THE SECOND MOROCCO CRISIS RESULTED IN ANOTHER DIPLOMATIC DEFEAT FOR GERMANY • After the British government publicly threatened to go to war if Germany attacked France, Germany agreed to give France a free hand in Morocco in exchange for the transfer of some jungle land to German Cameroon. • During these negotiations, the new Army Chief of Staff, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, wrote his wife as follows: “If we again slip away from this affair with our tail between our legs, and if we cannot bring ourselves to put forward a determined claim which we are prepared to force through with the sword, I shall despair of the future of the German Empire. I shall then resign. But before handing in my resignation, I shall move to abolish the Army and to place ourselves under Japanese protectorate; we shall then be in a position to make money without interference and develop into ninnies.”

  17. Lord Richard Haldane arrived in Berlin in February 1912 to propose the following bargain (Rich, pp. 420-22): • “1. Fundamental. Naval superiority recognized as essential to Great Britain. Present German naval program and expenditure not to be increased, but if possible retarded and reduced. • “2. England sincerely desires not to interfere with German Colonial expansion. To give effect to this she is prepared forthwith to discuss whatever the German aspirations in that direction may be. England will be glad to know that there is a field or special points where she can help Germany. • “3. Proposals for reciprocal assurances debarring either power from joining in aggressive designs or combinations against the other would be welcome.”

  18. The Balkan Wars, 1912/13(Norman Rich, p. 424)

  19. The Serb army fought well against the Turks and then defeated Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War

  20. At the London Ambassadors’ Conference (Dec 1912-Jan 1913), the Great Powers agreed to create an independent Albania to limit Serb expansion

  21. An Alsatian view of German martial law at the time of the “Zabern Affair” (1913)

  22. “The Kiss of the Alsatian” (anonymous colorized postcard from 1914)

  23. Franz Ferdinand and his wife leave for the hospital to visit their wounded aide, Sarajevo, June 28, 1914

  24. The chauffeur made a wrong turn on the way to the hospital and stopped to turn around, next to Gavrilo Princip

  25. THE ARREST OF GAVRILO PRINCIP

  26. Kaiser & King Franz Josef I, born in 1830, reigned 1848-1916 Leopold von Berchtold: ambassador to Russia, 1907-12, foreign minister 1912-15

  27. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (1906-14) Chancellor Theobold von Bethmann Hollweg (1909-17)

  28. Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934), leader of the French center-right, premier in 1912/13, President of France, 1913-1920.In public he declared that his generation had “no other reason for existence than the hope of recovering the lost provinces.”

  29. British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey (1905-16), who had a largely free hand in a Liberal cabinet preoccupied with domestic issues

  30. Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918; ruled 1894-1917) Sergei Sazonov, Russian foreign minister, 1910-16: Brother-in-law of Stolypin and committed to alliance with Serbia

  31. President Poincaré confers with Foreign Minister Sazonov in St. Petersburg, July 20-24, 1914(no record of their talks was made)

  32. THE JULY CRISIS OF 1914

  33. THE CENTRAL POWERS VS. THE ALLIES IN WORLD WAR I

  34. THE BALANCE OF POWER IN 1914

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