X-ray Diagnostics and multidisciplinary applications in PANDORA

1. X-ray Diagnostics and multidisciplinary applications in PANDORA F.P. Romano, C. Caliri, L. Celona, D. Mascali and S. Gammino Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN, Catania, Italy IBAM, CNR, Catania, Italy

2. Pb-Hg Fe-Mn-Ti MAXRF: Jusepe de Ribera (Prophet, 1620 ca., 100x70 cm2) Ca Pb Fe Ti Hg Scanning speed @ 100 mm/sec Elemental maps elaborated with 1 mm pixel size (equivalent to 10 ms dwell time) Total time 1,9 h (including a full fitting of pixel spectra)

3. X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy set-up CDD-Camera by ANDOR IKON-M 934 DO series Sensor size 13.3x13.3 mm 1024x1024 pixels Pixel size 13.3 um Max readout rate 5MHz Cooling up to -100°C SDD –detector by KETEK 25 micron Be windows (very low efficiency @1-2kev) 80 mm2 active sirface 160 eV @ 5.9 keV Operative conditions: up to 500 kcps at 2.1 usec. peaking time

4. Estimationof plasma temperature and total emission The fit of experimentally detected X-ray spectra provides 1010 cm-3of plasma density: the measured one is 5·1011 cm-3 !! Only 2% of plasma electrons contribute to X-ray emission, while the bulk plasma emits in UV/soft-X regime at T~50-100 eV. Data about total emission: ~7·105 counts/sec/collimator (measured) ~ 3·105 (2<E<5 keV) ~ 5·106 counts/sec/collimator (E>0.1 keV) (extrapolated over the entire hot plasma component) > 109 counts/sec/collimator (0.1<E<1 keV) (extrapolated over the “Bulk plasma” spectrum ) Bulk plasma Bulk plasma hot plasma tail

5. Full Field X-ray Spectroscopy The experimental set-up definesmagnification and spatial-resolution of the X-rayPinhole Camera.

6. A Full Field X-Ray Camera with high-energy and high spatial resolution for plasmas imaging and spectroscopy Two-dimensional X-ray spectroscopy of plasmas can be performed with a spatial resolution down to 20 micron (estimated by the LSF and the MTF of the profile function of a sharp edge). CCD 1024x1024 pixels (13 um lateral size) Q.E.  0.2 keV – 30 keV Tungsten pinholes of 5, 20, 50, 70 and 100 microns Telescopic system for changing magnification

7. X-rayimaging: detection of the Hot Electron Layer Optical imaging Images in the optical window, taken through an off-axis DN40 flange, evidence the generation of a high-brightness annulus surrounding a dark hole. Transversal reconstruction of the plasma structure in X-ray domain (1-30 keV). X-ray imaging evidences that the pumping power is deposited in the annulus, where the energetic electrons are generated A high brightness strip appears due to electrons impinging on the chamber walls (bremsstrahlung through the stainless steel walls) X-ray imaging gas:Argon pressure:3*10-4 mbar RF power:100W 100 frames - 1sec exposureforeachone

8. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence The charge generated on a pixel of the CCD by a photon of a given energy is proportional to its energy. Single-photon measurements allow to minimize the probability of multiple-hit events and to use the CCD as a conventional energy dispersive X-ray detector A single-photon image contains a limited number of illuminated pixels. A multi-image acquisition is necessary to obtain the statistics for the analysis.

9. Data Processing The single-photon (SP) frame could present multi-pixel groups that should be corrected. Our processing algorithm identifies these groups in each of the SP frames; it searches for the presence of relative maxima among the pixels composing a group (multiple-hits); it checks if the data in these pixels follow a monotonic trend (single-hit).

10. Energy Response and Energy Resolution in the range 2 keV – 30 keV The system operates energy dispersive measurements in a by using a multi-frame acquisition in single photon counting

11. Spatial resolution of the FF-XPC

12. FF-XPC: some applications Scanning free GE-XRF: material interfaces Ti(rho=3.87g/cm3,d=7.18nm) C(rho=1.52g/cm3,d=82.1nm) Fe K IAEA: Studidelladiffusionedellamalattia del sonno Africana (TAU) tramitepunturadellamoscatze-tze Programme / Call: ECSEL-2018-1-IA Proposal : 826589 - MADEin4 WP: Virtual metrology (ST microelectronics, FIAT, CNR)

13. Soft-X-ray spectroscopy (Ex < 1 keV)

14. 2D X-ray Spectroscopy of stable plasmas At the present the FF-X-ray camera was tested in the diagnostic of stable plasmas. The high energy resolution allows to separate contributions of different energies from different atomic species O Total N Spatial separation of ions is obtained by filtering the X-ray images with the spectral lines in the characteristic spectra

15. Development of a Flat Field Spectrometer for High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of EUV and Soft X-Rays Ionized atoms in the plasma matter emit characteristic X-ray radiation in the EUV and Soft-X-Ray region (depending on the atomic number of the Target). This radiation is slightly shifted in energy with respect to the one emitted by neutral atoms. A Flat Field X-ray Spectrometer is under development for High-Resolution X-Ray spectroscopy (typical Dl/lis 10-3-10-4) necessary to resolve X-lines emitted by different states of charge. It is based on: 1024x256 CCD detector (pixel size = 26 um) Two aberration corrected concave gratings operating in the range 1-20 nm (60 -1240 eV)

16. Set-up and preliminary test of the FF-XRS with a laser installed at the LNS laboratories TU Berlin – Cu target 250 eV -400 eV L1 5 nm 1nm L2 20nm 5nm r 237 mm 237 mm r’ 235.3 mm 235.3 mm a 87 deg 88.7 deg b1 -83.04 deg -85.81 deg b2 -77.07 deg -81.01 deg Entrance slit Target area CCD Grating Laser beam

17. Thank you!!!