Modern Asia

1. Modern Asia Ch 24 Notes

2. 24.1 Communist China • Chinese Revolution • Communists take over after long civil war between Nationalists and communists • By 1949 Mao Zedong est the People’s Republic of China • Chiang Kai Shek and Nationalists fled to Taiwan • Est the Republic of China there commons.wikimedia.org

3. China Under Mao • 1955 Chinese gov launched a program to build a socialist society • Land taken away from lords and given to poor peasants • Most private farmland was collectivized • Attempted to increase food production which would allow more people to work industry • Most industry and commerce was nationalized

4. Great Leap Forward (1958) • Collective farms turned into communes • >30,000 people lived and worked together • Mao hoped would lead to true communist (classless) society • Proved to be a disaster • Food production decreased due to bad weather and people’s hatred of system • Almost 15 mill starved to death • 1960 gov began breaking up communes into collective farms with some private plots individual.utoronto.ca

5. Mao’s Dream • A permanent revolution where China could achieve the final stage of communism = a classless society www.globalsecurity.org

6. Cultural Revolution (1966) • Mao’s Little Red Book was source of knowledge in all areas • Red Guards formed to further the revolution • Tried to eliminate the “Four Olds” • Old ideas • Old culture • Old customs • Old habits • Some of Red Guard attacked people • Many people did not support them and wanted a permanent revolution library.thinkquest.org/26469/images/mzd11.jpg

7. China After Mao • Died in September 1976 • Practical-minded reformers led by Deng Xiaoping seized power • Ended the Cultural Revolution upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/...230 x 302 - 18k

8. Deng Xiaoping’s Policies • Four Modernizations: focused on advancing China in 4 ways • Industry • Agriculture • Technology • National defense

9. Updating China • Had been isolated for 20 years • Government invited foreign investors into China to help make up for that • Thousands of Chinese students sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business techniques

10. New Agricultural Policy • A little capitalism was allowed: • Collective farmers could lease land to peasant farmers • Anything produced on the land beyond amount of “rent” could be sold on the private market • Peasants allowed to make goods and sell them to others

11. Modernization Worked • Overall, policy was a success • Many complained that it failed because it didn’t create a democracy • New leaders still did not allow direct criticism of the Communist Party

12. More Problems in late 1980s • More people studied abroad • More information reached highly educated Chinese people • Economic improvements led to pressure for better living conditions and more freedom to choose jobs in the cities after graduation • Rising inflation led to discontent among salaried workers, especially in the cities • Corruption and special treatment of officials and party members led to criticism

13. www.writethis.com Tiananmen Square • Students gathered to protest in May of 1989 • Called for an end to corruption • Led a mass demonstration in Beijing • Deng Xiaoping ordered tanks and troops into the square to squash the demonstration • Some killed • Outraged many gaaagle.com

14. China’s Relations with the West • Strained relations • Human rights violations • Its determination to unify with Taiwan • Its increasing military power • China does maintain diplomatic relations with the West

15. Social Changes Under Communism • Women’s roles • Not allowed to participate in politics • New marriage law in 1950 allowed women equal rights with men • New regime tried to destroy the influence of the traditional family system because it undercut loyalty to the state • Similar to USSR • Children encouraged to report parents who said anything against the system

16. After Mao’s Death • Shift away from revolutionary fervor and return to family traditions • Meant better living conditions • Parents could choose own names for children, not patriotic names • Clothing choices also changed more toward Western fashions

17. Shifting Balance of Power in Asia • In 1950s relations between China and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate • In the 60s their military units often clashed along their border • China had internal problems causing it to focus on relations with USA • 1972: Nixon became 1st president to visit the People’s Republic of China since its creation in 1949 • 1979: diplomatic relations est between China and US www.tqnyc.org

18. Relations with China • During 1980s relations between China and the Soviet Union improved • In 1990s, China began to play a more active role in Asian affairs • In the 200s, China is still strengthening trade relations around the world • In 2002 China joined the World Trade Organization www.parlimen.gov.my

19. 24.2 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh • India • After WWII the leaders of India realized that British India would have to be divided into 2 countries • India – Hindu • Pakistan – Muslim • Would be separated into 2 regions with India in between

20. Gaining Independence • 1947 India and Pakistan became independent • Millions of people migrated to areas where their religion would be more accepted • Millions died as a result of the mass migrations • Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated in January of 1948 • Ceylon, off coast of India, also became independent in 1947 • 1972 changed name to Sri Lanka • Many ethnic struggles exist there

21. India • Congress Party led by Nehru • Nehru worked closely with Gandhi for Indian independence • Under Nehru’s leadership • Gov took ownership of major industries, utilities, and transportation (socialism) • Private enterprise was permitted at local level • Farming left in private hands • Industrial production almost tripled between 1950 and 1965

22. After Nehru died, his daughter Indira Gandhi became prime minister • Faced 2 problems • Biggest problem: huge populationg rowth • During 1950s and 60s the population grew at a rate of 2% a year • One result of this was worsening poverty • Ethnic and religious conflict • Many Sikhs (followers of religion based on both Hindu and Muslim beliefs) lived in Punjab and wanted independence • Gandhi used military force in 1984 • Some Sikhs wanted revenge and Gandhi was assassinated later that year

23. Next Prime Minister: Rajiv • Indira Gandhi’s son • Began some new economic policies • Encouraged private enterprise and transfer state-run industries into private hands (capitalism) • He was assassinated in 1991 while he was running for re-election • Conflict continued between Hindus and Muslims • Ex: long-term dispute over Kashmir

24. Pakistan • Early years of its independence were marked by internal conflicts • Growing division between East and West Pakistan • Many in East Pakistan felt government (based in West Pakistan) was ignoring their needs • 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence • After civil war, it became Bangladesh

25. Bangladesh and Pakistan • Have had trouble establishing stable governments • Have had military officials seize control of civilian government many times • Both are also quite poor

26. Afghanistan • Many similarities to both Asia and Middle East • Taliban • Islamist militant group that ruled parts of Afghanistan • Connection to Bin Laden • Ousted with US war on terror

27. 24.3 Other Asian Nations • Japan • Occupied by US from 1945 to 1952 • MacArthur was in charge • September 1951 occupation ended with treaty signed by US and other former WWII allies that restored independence to Japan • Another treaty allowed the US to use Japanese bases • Gave US a stronghold in Asia

28. 1947 “MacArthur Constitution” • Set up a parliamentary gov that maintained armed forces at levels sufficient only for defense • Emperor’s power greatly reduced • Guaranteed basic civil & political rights • Gave women the right to vote • Showed a lot of American influence • Today: Japan has a stable democracy

29. Reforms in Japan • Land reforms: land sold on easy credit terms to tenant farmers • Created a strong class of independent farmers • Zaibatsu: large business conglomeration • Supposed to dismantle but only effected 19 • New system created of ties between companies

30. Reforms Cont. • Education: new system meant to eliminate aggressiveness, stressed individualism • Women: right to vote • Encouraged to participate in politics but not = to men • Paid less than men • Most jobs were in retail or service occupations

31. Japanese Miracle • Economic • State Capitalism: central gov plays active role in the economy • Est price and wage policies • Subsidized vital industries • Very fast economic recovery • Between 1946 and 1967 Japan’s gross national product grew at a rate of 10% a year • In 2000 their GNP was >Britain and France’s combined and ½ of the USA’s

32. What caused the economic miracle? • Cultural factors • Group oriented so they cooperate well • Hard working and frugal • Highly skilled labor force • Share common values and respond in similar ways to the challenges of the modern world

33. Practical reasons • More modern factories since they had to rebuild • Spend more time at work than in other industrial societies • Corporations reward innovation and maintain good management-labor relations • Some say unfair business practices like dumping goods at low prices to break into a foreign market and restrict imports from other countries

34. Problems Still Exist • 2 recent prime ministers have been forced to resign over improper financial dealings with business associates • Questions about textbooks detailing crimes committed by the Japanese government and armed forces in WWII

35. Other Asian Nations • Most struggling economically • Few exceptions: 4 Asian Tigers/Little Dragons • South Korea • Taiwan • Singapore • Hong Kong • Have made significant economic advances

36. South Korea • Split from North Korea after Korean War (1950-1953) • More advanced than North Korea • Officially a democratic government • Have an autocratic leader • People often denied their rights • Economically: lot of economic development • Samsung, Daewoo, Hyundai (Kia is owned by Hyundai)

37. Taiwan • Chiang Kai-shek as leader • Have been disputes over what gov controls it, Chiang Kai-shek’s or the mainland gov of China • Protected by the US military • Land reform program: peasants could own farmland • Doubled food production • Local manufacturing and commerce are emerging • After Kai-shek’s death, gov became more democratic but there are still some questions about its independence

38. Singapore • Industrial economy • Based on shipbuilding, oil refineries, and electronics • Major banking center for South East Asia • Citizens are demanding a more democratic government

39. Hong Kong • Industrial powerhouse • Until 1997, it was under British control • Now China owns it • Has promised to allow it to live under a capitalist system for 50 years and allow it to be self-governing

40. Australia and New Zealand • Culturally more like Europe • Political system based on European models • Some trends tie them more closely to Asia • > ½ of the immigrants to Australia in recent years are from Asian nations • 60% of Australia’s export markets in East Asia • Uncertain as to whether they will become an integral part of the Asia-Pacific region