The Development of 19 th C entury Nationalism

1. The Development of 19th Century Nationalism

2. What is Nationalism • Extreme pride and devotion to your country. • Dedication to an identification of the nation-state. • What drives the development of nationalism? • Revolutions of 1848 • Industrialization • Realism • Financial prosperity

3. Louis Napoleon, A.K.A. Napoleon III

4. France Under Louis Napoleon • Louis Napoleon • Merged pop. and conservative ideals with authoritarian nationalism. • By 1848, all men were allowed to vote and voted for L.N. • Why? • Related to uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte • Tough ruler- shut down Marxism • Positive approach to politics- end poverty, etc. • Believed govt. should represent the people- direct democracy

5. Louis Napoleon, cont. • Elected Pres. in 1848 to 4 yr. term. • Wanted 2nd term, but National Assembly said no. • Seized power with a coup d ‘etat • Had a plebiscite legalize his actions, voted to a 10 yr. term • Sound familiar? • Later names hereditary emperor, Napoleon III

6. Napoleon’s 2nd Empire • Positive changes for France: • Strengthened economy • Improved public works projects • Redesigned Paris under Haussmann • Gave workers rights and housing to poor • Political Power: • Manipulated the National Assembly to meet his agenda

7. Napoleon III’s Political Mistake • Attempted to extend the borders of France for personal gain • Unpopular idea • Believed that popular support was essential, gave more power back to the N.A to appease them. • Supported yet another new constitution- limited his rights • France became more democratic as a result

8. Italy • Prior to 1850, Italy consisted of disunified city-states • Unification was an interesting idea to many • Guiseppe Mazzini: wanted democracy based on the will of the people. • Vincenzo Gioberti: Pope for president; federation of city-states • Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel’s form of constitutional liberalism was also a thought.

10. Cavour • Garibaldi

11. Cavour • Brilliant statesman from Sardinia who wanted to unify N. and Central Italy • Wanted Austria to give up some N. Italian territory (Lombardy and Venetia). • Asked France for support should war occur • Austria attacked Sardinia and France bailed • Sardinia won Lombardy and pro-nationalism quickly grew by 1860 • A unified northern Italian state soon emerged.

12. Garibaldi • Popular, radical patriot who wanted a totally unified Italy • Attacked S. Italy (Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies) with his guerilla red-shirt fighters • Was told by Cavour not to invade the Papal lands- didn’t want to start conflict with Catholic France • S. Italy was dominated and soon Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples (Central Italy) together with cheering people’s support • Symbolic: Unification of N & S Italy had occurred • By 1870, Italy was ruled by Parliamentary monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel • Unification in name only- no true democratic changes

14. Unification of ItalyGaribaldi and King Victor Emmanuel

15. germany • In 1815, 39 German states formed the German Confederation. • Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia were part of confederation • Prussia led the way for the eventual German unification • Mainly a German population (nationalism) • Austria-Hungary had ethnic uprisings often • Prussian army was the best in Europe • Berlin (Prussia) mobs forced a liberal constitution

17. Otto Von bismarck • 1861, King Wilhelm I wanted money for army improvements- liberal Parliament said no. • Wilhelm sought the support of the conservative Junkers (wealthy nobles). • Wilhelm chose Bismarck, a Junker, as his Prime Minister. • Bismarck is known for his brilliant use of “realpolitik” (“the politics of reality”) • Politics without idealism • Declared the he would rule Prussia without the consent of Parliament.

18. King Wilhelm I • Bismarck

19. Bismarck Quote • “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the greatest issues of the day will be decided-that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and iron.”

20. MY Otto von Bismarck

21. Empire Building • By 1864, Bismarck made his first attempt and crafting an empire. • Allied with Austria against Denmark to gain 2 border provinces- Schleswig (Prussian controlled) and Holstein (Austrian controlled) • Victory increased national pride

22. Seven Weeks’ War • Bismarck stirred up trouble with the Austrians over the Holstein. • Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866 • Prussia won the brief war and made fools of Austria. • Austria lost Venetia (given back to Italy) and Prussia was able to annex more German land. • Prussia had successfully unified Northern Germany by 1867 (Called N. German Confederation)

23. Franco-Prussian war • Bismarck was a master at creating “incidents” in order to manipulate people into submission. • He wanted to unify S. Germany to N. Germany, but Catholic S. Germany was terrified of Bismarck and the Protestants in the N. (Kulturkampf) • Bismarck accused the French of disrespect of the Prussian King (lie) and the French declared war on Prussia (July 19, 1870)

24. Franco-prussian war cont. • The Prussian army invaded N. France • French were outmaneuvered at Sedan • 83,000 French prisoners were taken including Napoleon III • French finally surrendered by late 1870 • Franco-Prussian War was the last stage of German unification • S. Germany was swept up by nationalism and accepted Prussian leadership • King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at Versailles on January 18, 1871 • The Germans called their empire the 2nd Reich (H.R.E. being the 1st)

25. Power shift • At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich had worked hard to create a balance of power within Europe. • By 1871, Germany and Britain would be the most powerful countries in Europe.