Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

1. Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges, Perspectives, and Issues

2. Chapter 7 Violent Ideologies Terrorism From the Left and Right

3. The Classical Ideological Continuum • From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe • Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies. • Far-left: Radical interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent. • Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role. • Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.

4. The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued) • From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe • Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies. • Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government intervention. • Far-right: Strong adherence to social order and tradition. • Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.

5. The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued)

6. The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued) • Ideologies and Ideals • Ideologies: Systems of belief. • Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control. • Propaganda by the deed. • Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat. • Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist belief in law and order. • Often ethnocentric and militaristic.

7. A Comparison of Ideologies

8. Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals • Class Struggle • Orthodox Marxism. • Relationship to the “means of production.” • Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat. • Leftist Nationalism • Selective application of Marxist theory. • Rooted in Cold War rivalries. • Wars of national liberation.

9. Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals(continued) • Special-Interest Extremism • Single-issue terrorism. • Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements. • Problems on the Radical Left • Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world. • Infighting about the revolutionary party. • Soviet versus developing world Communism. • Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary consciousness.

10. The Industrial Age Class Pyramid

11. The Terrorist Left • Case: Latin America • Colombia • FARC • National Liberation Army • Peru • Shining Path (SenderoLuminoso) • TupacAmaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) • Argentina • Montoneros

12. The Terrorist Left(continued) • Case: Europe • Italy • The Red Brigade • Years of Lead • Germany • Red Army Faction • June 2nd Movement • Northern Ireland • Provisional Irish Republican Army • Irish National Liberation Army

13. Leftist Terrorism in Latin America

14. Leftist Terrorism in Europe

15. Right-Wing Activism and Extremism • Political Parties and Dissident Movements • Reflect the distinctive features of national environments. • Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America. • Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements. • Tradition and Order • Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.” • Scapegoating enemy groups.

16. Right-Wing Activism and Extremism(continued) • Right-Wing Nationalism • Notion of a superior national group or race. • Loyalty to the superior group. • Subordination of inferior groups. • Religion and Mysticism • Not universal traits on the reactionary right. • Common in America. • Less common in Europe or Latin America.

17. Scapegoats of the Reactionary Right

18. The Terrorist Right • Case: Europe • Germany • Usually street-level confrontations. • Italy • Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups. • Turkey • Grey Wolves. • Northern Ireland • Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

19. Violent Ideologies in the New Era • The “New Terrorism” • Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” terrorism. • The Terrorist Left in the New Era • Defeat of the urban guerrillas. • A few remaining “rebels in the hills.” • Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism. • The Terrorist Right in the New Era • Continued scapegoating. • Rightist ractions to unpopular agendas.