Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

1. Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges, Perspectives, and Issues

2. Part II The Terrorists

3. Chapter 4 Terror From Above State Terrorism

4. A State Terrorism Paradigm • Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism • The Patronage Model • The Assistance Model

5. A State Terrorism Paradigm(continued) • Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism • State terrorism incorporates many types and degrees of violence. • Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture. • Linkages between regimes and terrorism range from clear lines to murky “deniable” associations. • Concepts: • State patronage for terrorism. • State assistance for terrorism.

6. A State Terrorism Paradigm(continued) • The Patronage Model • Active state participation in terrorist behavior. • Foreign and domestic participation • Active involvement by agencies and personnel. • Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.

7. A State Terrorism Paradigm(continued) • The Assistance Model • Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior. • Foreign and domestic participation. • Indirect support for extremist proxies. • Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.

8. State Sponsorship of Terrorism

9. State Terrorism As Foreign Policy • Moral Support • Technical Support • Selective Participation • Active Participation

10. State Terrorism As Foreign Policy(continued) • Moral Support • Politically sympathetic sponsorship. • Open embracement of the main beliefs and principles of a cause. • Governments may act as ideological role models for championed groups. • Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.

11. State Terrorism As Foreign Policy(continued) • Technical Support • Logistically supportive sponsorship. • Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause, directly or indirectly. • Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing “deniability.” • Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.

12. State Terrorism As Foreign Policy(continued) • Selective Participation • Episode-specific sponsorship. • Support for a single incident or a series of incidents. • Carried out by proxies or agents of the state. • Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.

13. State Terrorism As Foreign Policy(continued) • Active Participation • Joint operations. • Government personnel jointly carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy. • Case: Phoenix Program.

14. State Terrorism as Foreign Policy

15. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy • Legitimizing State Authority • Vigilante State Terrorism • Official State Terrorism • Genocidal State Terrorism

16. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy(continued) • Legitimizing State Authority • Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its authority and maintain its social order. • Democracy. • Authoritarianism. • Totalitarianism. • Crazy states.

17. State Domestic Authority

18. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy(continued) • Vigilante State Terrorism • Unofficial repression. • Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups. • Unofficial support from agents of the state. • Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.

19. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy(continued) • Official State Terrorism • Repression as a state’s domestic policy. • Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism. • Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan. • Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

20. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy(continued) • Genocidal State Terrorism • Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. • Scapegoating a group of people as policy. • Acts classified as genocide against a group: • Killing members of the group. • Creating conditions leading to the partial or complete destruction of the group. • Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.

21. State-Initiated Genocide

22. State Terrorism as Domestic Policy

23. Monitoring State Terrorism • U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on Terrorism • Annual list of countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism. • Private Agencies Monitoring Political Abuses • Human Rights Watch • Amnesty International