Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

1. Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges, Perspectives, and Issues

2. Chapter 13 Responding to Terror The Options

3. The Scope of Options • Use of Force • Operations Other than War (OOTW) • Legalistic Options

4. Counterterrorist Options

5. Counterterrorism and the Use of Force • Suppression Campaigns • Military suppression campaigns. • Case: Operation Enduring Freedom. • Case: Operation Peace for Galilee. • Paramilitary suppression campaigns. • Case: Algeria. • Case: Colombia. • Punitive and preemptive strikes.

6. Counterterrorism and the Use of Force(continued) • Coercive Covert Operations • “War in the shadows.” • Case: The AchilleLauro operation. • Case: Assassinations. • Special Operations Forces • Elite military and police units specializing in unconventional operations.

7. The Use of Force

8. OOTW: Repressive Options • Nonviolent Coercive Operations • Encompasses a number of options. • Inherently secretive. Often creative. • Examples: • Infiltration. • Disinformation. • Cyberwar

9. OOTW: Repressive Options(continued) • Intelligence • SIGINT (Signal Intelligence) • HUMINT (Human Intelligence) • Intelligence agencies. • Problems of intelligence coordination. • Enhanced Security • Target hardening. • Case: Morocco’s desert wall. • Case: Israel’s walls on the border.

10. OOTW: Repressive Options(continued) • Economic Sanctions • Directed against governments. • Conditions for success. • Cooperation must remain firm. • Trade leaks must be controlled. • Sanctioned regime must be made to suffer. • Problems. • Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer—their people do. • Coalitions do not always remain firm. • Leaks are difficult to control.

11. Repressive Options

12. OOTW: Conciliatory Options • Diplomatic Options • Reasoned dialogue. • Peace processes. • Negotiations. • Social Reform • Responding to underlying grievances. • Case: Peru and Shining Path. • Case: Spain and ETA.

13. OOTW: Conciliatory Options(continued) • Concessionary Options • Giving the terrorists what they want. • Examples: • Payment of ransoms. • Releases of imprisoned comrades. • Broadcast or publication of extremist propaganda. • Political amnesty.

14. Conciliatory Options

15. Legalistic Options • Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism • Responding to terrorist environments. • Terrorism as inherently criminal behavior under law. • Taking the lead in investigating terrorist incidents. • Police repression. • Case: The United Kingdom.

16. Legalistic Options(continued) • Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism • Balancing the need for counterterrorist laws and the protection of constitutional rights. • Cases: • USA PATRIOT Act in the United States • Terrorist profiling in the United States. • Suspending civil liberties in Northern Ireland. • Counterterrorist courts in Algeria. • Amnesty in Italy. • Outcome of the AchilleLauro incident.

17. Legalistic Options(continued) • International Law • Responses by the world community. • International conventions on hijacking offenses. • Protecting diplomats. • Extradition treaties. • International courts and tribunals.

18. Legalistic Options