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Learn about key inventions like Bessemer Process, dynamite, electric motor, light bulb, and internal combustion engine revolutionizing industry in the late 1800s. Understand the rise of corporations, stock market, and debate over monopolies.
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interchangeable parts– identical components that could be used in place of one another in manufacturing assembly line– production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks stock – shares of a company corporation – business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment cartel – a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product Monopoly – a company that controls an entire industry Vocabulary
Nevertheless, a British mechanic opened factories in Belgium in 1807, making that country the second to industrialize. By the mid 1800s, other nations in Europe—as well as the United States—joined Britain in the race to industrialize. Great Britain ______________had been the first nation to industrialize. It tried to protect this head start by making rules against exporting inventions.
Germany, France, and the United States caught up to Britain quickly. They benefited from abundant supplies of natural resources. Europe and the United States also borrowed British technology. Following its unification in 1871, Germany became Europe’s leading industrial power. The United States also advanced rapidly after the Civil War. Centers of industry were scattered across Europe and the United States by 1871.
The effects of industrialization were both positive and negative. • People worked very long hours in dangerous factories. • But new goods became widely available at low prices. Western powers grew to dominate the world. Patterns of world trade changed. Directions: on the chart identify each of the following objects, who invented it, when, and what impact the invention had on industry.
Henry Bessemer ________________patented a new process for making steel in 1856. Because steel was so cheap and strong, it became the main material used to make tools, bridges, and railroads. Thanks to the_________________steel production soared in thelate 1800s. Bessemer Process
Alfred Nobel ________________Invented dynamite an explosive that was much safer in 1866. Because dynamite…. Thanks to Alfred Nobel…
Michael Faraday ________________invented the first electric motor and the first machine to generate electricity called the dynamo in 1831. Because the dynamo…. Thanks to Michael Faraday…
Thomas Edison ________________Made the first electric light bulb in 1870. Because the light bulb…. Thanks to Thomas Edison…
Innovations in chemistry and electricity changed how industry operated in the late 1800s. Alfred Nobel Michael Faraday dynamo Thomas Edison
New methods of production improved efficiency in factories. Making products with ___________________ simplified both manufacture and repair. interchangeable parts • Workers on an ___________________added these parts to the product as it moved along a belt through the factory. assembly line Because goods could be produced more quickly and cheaply, prices decreased, and more people became consumers.
The transportation revolution continued. Transcontinental railroads linked cities together. • Automakers such as _____________ , Karl Benz, and Gottlieb Daimler changed the way people traveled by using gasoline to power _______________________ Nikolaus Otto internal combustion engines Henry Ford _____________used the assembly line to mass-produce cars and make them affordable.
internal combustion engine The ____________________ also made sustained flight possible. __________________________ flew the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903. Orville and Wilbur Wright
The revolution in communication made the world seem smaller. Samuel Morse Alexander Graham Bell Guglielmo Marconi
Shortly before mid-day I placed the single earphone to my ear and started listening. The receiver on the table before me was very crude—a few coils and condensers and a coherer—no valves, no amplifiers, not even a crystal. But I was at last on the point of putting the correctness of all my beliefs to test. The answer came at 12.30 when I heard, faintly but distinctly, pip-pip-pip. Telegraph Samuel Morse Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Guglielmo Marconi Radio
Big business began to dominate industry in the late 1800s. stock • Company owners sold ____________ to investors to get the capital needed to invest in new technology. • Companies became ________________, businesses owned by many stockholders. • Some business leaders created monopolies and ___________ to control entire industries. corporations cartels
The rise of monopolies sparked a fierce debate: Captains of Industry or Robber Barons. Captains of Industry: Supporters said that monopolies made business more efficient and added to prosperity. • Robber Barons: Reformers said that monopolies unfairly interfered with free competition. They sought laws to break up monopolies and regulate corporations.
