The Industrial Revolution Spreads

1. Aim: How did a Second Industrial Revolution develop in the 19th century?Do Now: Modern History Sourcebook, Tables 1,21. Which was the leading manufacturing nation in 1870? In 1913?2. According to Table 1, which country experienced the greatest decline?3. According to Table 2, which country had the biggest industrial gains in the period after 1865?

2. 1 The Industrial Revolution Spreads • What industrial powers emerged in the 1800s? • What impact did new technology have on industry, transportation, and communication? • How did big business emerge in the late 1800s?

3. 1 New Industrial Powers During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world’s industrial giant. By the mid-1800s, other nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy. • Belgium became the first European nation outside Britain to industrialize. • Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871. Within a few decades, it became Europe’s leading industrial power. • The United States made rapid technological advances, especially after the Civil War. By 1900, American industry led the world in production. • Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868. • Canada, New Zealand, and Australia built thriving industries. • Eastern and southern Europe industrialized more slowly. These nations lacked natural resources or the capital to invest.

4. 1 Centers of Industry

5. 1 Technology and Industry The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth. To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts. They also introduced the assembly line. STEEL CHEMICALS ELECTRICITY Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel. Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads. Alessandro Volta developed the first battery. Michael Faraday created the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb. Chemists created hundreds of new products. New chemical fertilizers led to increased food production. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.

6. 1 Advances in Transportation and Communication During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communication were transformed by technology. • TRANSPORTATION • Steamships replaced sailing ships. • Rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers. • Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. • Karl Benz patented the first automobile. • Henry Ford began mass producing cars. • Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew the first airplane. • COMMUNICATION • Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. • Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. • Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

7. 1 The Rise of Big Business New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors. Large-scale companies formed corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.

8. Aim: How did the IR change living conditions in Europe? • Do Now: Chart on Population Growth in England Task: For all four areas, write a statement comparing figures for 1750 and 1900? Question: How can we explain the changes? HW: Essay on Irish Potato Famine and IR – due Thursday

9. 2 The World of Cities • What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s? • How had cities changed by 1900? • How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?

10. 2 Population Explosion Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled. This rapid growth was not due to larger families. Instead, population soared because the death rate fell. The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following: • People ate better. • Medical knowledge increased. • Public sanitation improved. • Hygiene improved. Year Male Female 1850 40.3 years 42.8 years 1870 42.3 years 44.7 years 1890 45.8 years 48.5 years 1910 52.7 years 56.0 years

11. ‘The Silent Highwayman’, Punch magazine, 1858. What is the artist trying to say about living conditions in Victorian London?

12. 2 Advances in Medicine Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing life expectancy in the industrialized world. LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered the process of pasteurization, the killing of disease-carrying microbes in milk. ROBERTKOCH identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals, introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world’s first nursing school. JOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection.

13. Medical Breakthroughs • Preventing Disease • Breakthroughs in late 1800s as result of scientific advances earlier in century • Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed • Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved • Microbes and Disease • Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870 • Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter • Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce • Fermentation • Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour • Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation • Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free

14. Medical Breakthroughs • Anthrax • Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock • Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax • Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs • Antibodies • Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies • Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body • Rabies • Pasteur’s next goal • Developed vaccine, 1885 • Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog

15. Medical Breakthroughs Improving Medical Care • Treatment of pain • American surgeon Crawford W. Long • Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery patients • Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain and render patient unconscious • Performed first painless operation, 1842

16. Medical Breakthroughs Treatment of Infections • Many surgical patients died from infections • English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860s • Began cleaning wounds and equipment with antiseptic containing carbolic acid • Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward from 45 to 15 percent

17. Improved Care Hospitals • Caused dramatic decline in infant mortality • Statistics from Sweden provide example • 1800, 240 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births • Nearly 100 years later, only 91 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births • Public health improved with building of more modern hospitals • More medical professionals trained • Nursing schools trained large numbers of women, some trained as doctors • By 1900, 5 percent of American doctors were women Medical Breakthroughs

18. 2 City Life As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the same time, city life underwent dramatic changes. • Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center. • Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more livable. • Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel. • Sewage systems improved public health.

19. 1834 Poor Law • Previously poor had been looked after by parish • Now poor looked after by Poor Law Unions with Boards of Governors to administer them • Established 100s of workhouses across the country • Anyone claiming (old, sick or unemployed) outdoor relief had to work in workhouse • Conditions inside workhouses must be worse than the lowest-paid worker A typical workhouse of the nineteenth century

20. Regulations • 1847, commissioners issued detailed regulations • Everyone entering a workhouse needed a medical examination • Unwell paupers would be isolated in infirmaries • Paupers would be cleaned and made to wear a special uniform • Men and women were separated

21. Example of workhouse regulations

22. Were workhouses so bad?

23. 2 Working-Class Struggles Workers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life. At first, business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes and unions were illegal, and demonstrations were crushed. By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress: • Workers formed mutual-aid societies, self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. • Workers won the right to organize unions. • Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions. • Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance. • The standard of living improved.

24. Early Attempts Edison’s Lightbulb • Scientists interested in electricity for centuries • Ben Franklin, 1700s • Michael Faraday discovered magnetism, electricity connection 1831 • Dynamo powered electric motor • Swan developed primitive lightbulb, 1860 • First usable, practical lightbulb invented 1879 • Edison’s lightbulb came through trial and error and many hours of work in lab • Other inventions: • Generators • Motors • Light sockets • Electric power plant Electric Power As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800s, one technology changed industry and daily life more than any other-electricity.

25. Effects on Industry and Daily Life Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the United States • Improved industry in 3 significant ways • Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines • Factories did not have to depend on waterways to power steam engines • Factories became less dependent on sunlight, increased production • Improved daily life • Cheaper, more convenient light source than gas, oil • Other electrical devices soon created

26. Improvements in Steel Steam Powered Trains • Bessemer process, forcing air through molten metal to burn out impurities, strengthen steel • Factories increased production of locomotives, tracks • Stronger steel used to build bridges • 30,000 mile network of railroads linking major American cities, 1860 • New railroads helped grow cities in American West • Boats on canals, rivers best for long-distance travel, in early 1800s • With development of efficient steam engines, trains replace boats • Trains could carry heavy loads, traveled faster than watercraft • World’s first rail line, Britain 1830 • 3,000 miles of railroads, Eastern U.S. 1840 Advances in Transportation

27. Advances in Communication • Early 1800s Communication • Much slower than today • Boat, messenger on foot, horseback or carriage • Entrepreneurs, inventors searched for faster ways • The Telegraph • Telegraph invented, 1837 • Samuel Morse also invented a “language” for those messages • Messages transmitted as electrical pulses • “What hath God wrought?” • First telegraph message from Morse, 1844 • Telegraph wires between Washington D.C., Baltimore • New era in communication • Growth of Telegraph • Much of country linked by 1861 • Telegraph cable to Europe, 1866; to India, 1870 • Globalized personal and business communication

28. Advances in Communication The Radio and Phonograph • Telephone technology limited by length of wires • New wireless technology • Guglielmo Marconi built wireless telegraph, 1895 • Radio first used as communication device for ships • Later used for entertainment and news • Sound recording technology • Thomas Edison invented phonograph • Music became available to everyone

29. New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800s • Published theories in On the Origin of Species • Developed concept of natural selection • Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring • Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

30. New Ideas in Science • Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800s • Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements • Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms • Modern Atomic Theory • John Dalton, 1803 • Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass • Periodic Table • Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871 • Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table • Revealed previously unknown patterns • More Elements Discovered • Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898 • Discovered polonium, radium • Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity

31. E = mc2 Einstein’s Genius • Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy • Space is curved, must include time in study of space • Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math to show light can act like particles of energy • Developed special theory of relativity • No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light • Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer New Ideas in Science

32. Industrialization, cities, and classes Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change society in Europe? • Do now: Analyzing Political Cartoons • 1. Explain what point the cartoonist is trying to make. • 2. How do you determine if someone is upper class, middle class, or lower class? • 3. Do you consider yourself upper class, middle class, or lower class? • HW: Irish Potato Famine essay

33. Industrialization, cities, and classes • Growth of cities: • London: from 676,000 (1750) to 2.3 million (1850) • Paris: from 560,000 to 1.3 million • New cities: Manchester • Urbanization moved from northwest Europe to the southeast

34. Consequences of Urbanization PollutionAir pollution: - industry and coal - Tuberculosis and bronchitis Water pollution - Industry - Human waste - Breeding grounds for cholera, typhus, and tuberculosis

35. The New Industrial Class Structure The New Middle Class The New Working Class

36. IV. The New Middle Class Middle-class families lived in fine homes, dressed and ate well, and gained influence in Parliament

37. IV. The New Middle Class The middle class valued hard work and "getting ahead”

38. Who were the Middle Classes? RespectabilityA code of behaviorFinancial independenceProviding for familyAvoiding gambling and debtHard workModestySobriety

39. IV. The New Middle Class They felt little sympathy for the poor, who they thought were responsible for their own misery

40. Lower and Middle Class Housing Middle Class Housing Tenements

41. Social Mobility This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in 1845

42. The Middle Classes and sexuality • Victorian sexuality: anxiety, prudishness, and ignorance • Scientists taught that specific characteristics were inherent to each sex: “woman’s nature” • Women were “passionless,’ so morally superior • Absence of reliable contraceptives

43. Methodism • John Wesley • “Instant salvation” • Appealed to the working class

44. 3 What Values Shaped the New Social Order? • A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior. • Children were supposed to be “seen but not heard.” • Middle-class parents had a large say in choosing whom their children married. At the same time, the notion of “falling in love” was more accepted than ever before. • Men worked while women stayed at home. Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home.

45. 3 Rights for Women • Across Europe and the United States, politically active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws. • Women’s groups supported the temperance movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. • Before 1850, some women had become leaders in the union movement. • Some women campaigned to abolish slavery. • Many women broke the barriers that kept them out of universities and professions. • In the mid- to late 1800s, groups dedicated to women’s suffrage emerged.

46. 3 Growth in Public Education • By the late 1800s, reformers persuaded many governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children. • Governments began to expand secondary schools, or high schools. • Colleges and universities expanded during this period. Universities added courses in the sciences to their curriculums. • Some women sought greater educational opportunities. By the 1840s, a few small colleges for women opened.

47. Trade Unions Agricultural laborers who had formed a trade union in the village of Tolpuddle were arrested on false charges and sent to the British colony of Australia. The Tolpuddle Martyrs

48. Labor Unions • Sir Francis Burdett • The 1871 Trade Union Act

49. The Chartists • Political reformers • Chartists wanted the government to adopt a “People’s Charter” • Adopted by national convention of labor organizations in 1838 • Influenced the struggle for universal voting rights

50. The Luddites “General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”