The Counter-Reformation Era: A Comparative Analysis

1. The Age of Reformation Chapter 11 – AP European History

2. Free Response Essay #2 • Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) in the 16TH Century (2006). • Describe and analyze the ways in which 16th century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation. • Compare & contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices. • Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from 1517-1600.2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions • Compare and contrast the motives of Martin Luther in the German States and King Henry VIII of England in bringing about religious change during the Protestant Reformation.

3. The Printing Press “Revolution” • Johannes Gutenberg developed printing press mid 1400’s • Outcome: books affordable & available, literacy increased, jobs • Increased Communication

4. Rabelais Condemned : forms of church corruption Condemned simony (the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons) Erasmus Believed : Scriptures were a guide to life true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion Church needed moral reforms Humanist Critics of The Church

5. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century: • 1. Urban lay people gained knowledge of the world through: • Travel : trade, pilgrimages • Postal System • Literacy/ Books

6. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century: • 2. Distrust in Authority Figures & Institutions • Peasants sought social reform • Prosperous guilds supported Protestant Reform ( synonymous with Political reform)

7. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century: • 3. Dissatisfaction with wealth of the church • 30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership

8. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century: • 4. Questionable Church Practices: • Benefice System– ecclesiastical posts (Bishops, Abbots) sold to highest bidders • Simony –buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons • Indulgences– “Tickets to Heaven”

9. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church: • 5. Governments grew tired of Church interference • Church vs. State • Who had authority/ Power?

10. New Spirituality & Brothers of The Common Life • Modern Devotion • 1. Lay members not expected to take clerical vows • 2. Led Religious life of prayer • 3. Preached in the Vernacular (not Latin) • 4. Conducted schools, religious publications

11. Martin Luther’s Life changing experience: • During a lightning storm, prayed to St. Anne • Promised to enter monastery if he survived ordeal • Born: 1483 • Died : 1546

12. Martin Luther • Education: • Master of Arts Degree, 1505 • Ordained as a Monk (Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine) 1507 • Doctorate in Theology, 1512

13. Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven” • 1517 -Pope Leo X revived the selling of indulgences • Forgiveness of un-repented sins • Proceeds were used to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

14. In Germany, John Tetzel • preached the indulgences as necessary for salvation • “Don’t you hear the voices of your dead relatives ?… we suffer great punishment and pain…”

15. 95 Theses October 31st, 1517 • Luther posted 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany • List of arguments against the selling of indulgences • Copies printed & circulated

16. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 1. Justification by Faith Alone “sola fide” • Salvation by faith alone • 2. The need for only Two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist

17. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 3. The Bible as the only source of truth • 4. No need for confession • 5. “All Christians as Spiritually Equal” -No difference between clergy & laity • 6. Refused authority of the Pope

18. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 7. Clergy should be allowed to marry • 8. Mass in the vernacular (local languages) • 9. Good works expected- Each person should serve God in his/or her own individual calling

19. Martin Luther & Printing Press • 3 Pamphlets: • 1. Address To The Christian Nobility of The German Nation- urged reform • 2. Babylonian Captivity of The Church – sacraments • 3. Freedom of a Christian – salvation by faith alone

20. June 15,1520 • Pope Leo X Condemned Luther of heresy • Was ordered to recant • Luther refused • friends hid him for 1 year • Translated New Testament into German • Excommunicated Jan. 1521

21. Reformation is Embraced in Germany • 1520’s-1530’s • 1. Reformation Ideas spread – Printing Press • 2. German Princes confiscated church lands • 3. Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in German states • 4. Lutheran Faith - 1st Protestant Church

22. Karaoke Review- “ Martin Luther” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ3AFZXXX-k

23. Catholic Portrayal of Martin Luther Tempting Christ (1547)

24. Schmaldkaldic League • 1530’s German Protestant lands formed alliance

25. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527 • Causes: • Peasants interpreted “Christian Freedom” as “freedom from serfdom” • Rebelled against landlords • Peasants believed Luther would support their cause

26. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527 • Luther’s Response: • Luther did not support revolt – “Un-Christian” • Consequences: • The authority of German nobility strengthened • Lutheranism allied to and controlled by German nobility • 70,000-100,000 died

27. Protestant Reformation : Why Germany? • 1. Germany lacked political unity • 2. 1521- Diet of Worms German nobility presented emperor with list 102 “oppressive church burdens & abuses”

28. The Spread of Lutheranism Became dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany. Most of southern Germany remained Catholic Lutheranism spread to northern European countries (Denmark, Scandinavia)

29. Reformation in Switzerland • Lose confederacy of 13 cantons, or states • Reasons for Reformation: • 1. Growth of sense of nationalism • 2. Desire for church reform

30. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Leader of Swiss Reformation • Zurich became center of Swiss reform • Swiss Civil Wars: Protestants vs. Catholics • Zwingli executed

31. John Calvin (1509-1564) • Leader of French Reform • Pessimistic about man • Wrote: The Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination- only God could determine salvation • Literal interpretation of Bible • idle time led to sin • No “fun” allowed! 

32. Calvinists are Called… • Puritans in England • Huguenots in France • Presbyterians in Scotland • Only “Sacraments” recognized are: Baptism & Eucharist

33. John Calvin Established City of Geneva (Switzerland)- “City of Saints” • 1555 Geneva became home to exiled Protestants • Model Christian Community – outlawed dancing, playing cards, attending the theatre • Theocracy • Women’s rights: laws against spousal abuse • Church attendance mandatory

34. “Radical” Protestant Groups • 1. Anabaptists (re-baptize): • rejected infant baptism, insisted on adult baptism • Precursors of modern day Mennonites, Amish • Advocated complete separation of church & state

35. “Radical” Protestant Groups 2. Spiritualists: Isolated Had disdain for institutionalized religion Only religious authority was the Spirit of God 3. Antitrinitarians: opposed Calvinist belief of predestination Rejected the Doctrine of the Trinity

36. The Reformation Did Not Work in Italy Because: • 1. The Pope was in Rome • 2. Church was source of wealth for Italy • 3. Italian Renaissance made Italy Prosperous • 4. Germany had more liberal universities

37. The Peace of Augsburg ( Germany, 1555) • Ruler of a land will determine the land’s religion • "Cuius regio eius religio". • established after the Protestant princes ofthe Schmalkaldic League went to war against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. • Made the division of Christendom permanent

38. The Religious “Situation”, 1560

39. Protestant Reformation In Tudor England • Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty) • separated from Catholic Church… • But not for religious reasons

40. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) • 1st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother) • Arthur died within 6 months of marriage • 2nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509) • Married for 20 years • 1 child: Mary I

41. Six Wives of Henry VIII • Henry wanted a divorce! No sons! • Pope’s Response: NO! • The Act of Supremacy (1534) • Henry declared himself head of church & state

42. The Trial of Queen Catherine of Aragon, 1909 by F. Salisbury

43. Henry VIII • Established Anglican Church, or Church of England • Confiscated church lands, destroyed monasteries • had to be Anglican to hold government job in England until the 19th century!

44. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 2. Anne Boleyn (be-headed)Catherine’s Lady in Waiting • Marriage lasted: 3 years (1533-1536) • 1 child: Elizabeth I • Accused of treason • Be-headed 1536

45. #2 Anne Boleyn

46. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 3. Jane Seymour (died) • Married Henry days after Anne’s execution! • Henry’s “One true love” • Marriage lasted: 1 year (1536-1537) • Child: Edward VI • Died in childbirth

47. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 4. Anne of Cleaves (divorced) • German Princess • Married her sight unseen • “I like her not!” • Marriage lasted: 3 months • Marriage annulled

48. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 5. Catherine Howard (be-headed) • Cousin of Anne Boleyn! • She was 16, Henry was 49 • Marriage lasted: 17 months (1541-1542) • Accused of adultery, treason • Be-headed 1542

49. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 6. Katherine Parr (Survived) • Married twice before, was older (30’s) • Married Henry 1543, Henry Died 1547 • Marriage lasted: 4 years • Wrote books about Protestant faith • Patron of English Protestant Reformers

50. Karaoke Review – Six Wives of Henry VIII https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c