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Hawaii: The American Annexation Story

Learn about the history of Hawaii's annexation by the United States, from the island's early contact with foreigners to the end of the monarchy and eventual statehood. Explore the political intrigues, economic interests, and cultural clashes that shaped Hawaii's fate in the late 19th century.

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Hawaii: The American Annexation Story

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  1. CHAPTER 17 ENTERING THE WORLD STAGE CH. 17-1 THE LURE OF IMPERIALISM AMERICAN HISTORY

  2. IMPERIALIST ACTIVITY • IMPERIALISM—the extension of a nation’s power over other lands • Imperialistic thoughts—Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan • ECONOMIC INTERESTS • Industrialized countries were looking at other nations for new customers • Africa, Asia, Latin America

  3. MILITARY NEEDS • Industrialized nations created strong navies to defend their shores and protect trading interests • Navies needed bases where ships could refuel and make repairs • Nations needed strategic locations

  4. IDEOLOGY • Two popular ideologies for imperialism: • 1) a strong sense of NATIONALISM (love of one’s country) • 2) feeling of cultural superiority • Social Darwinists believed that when nations competed only the strongest survived

  5. THE SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY • Late 1800s—European imperialist powers had taken control of vast territories in Africa and Asia • The British Empire rules about 25% of the world’s land and population • Mid 1800s—Americans believed it was their manifest destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Now people thought the USA should expand beyond that

  6. TAKING CONTROL OF HAWAII • Hawaii was an ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases for ships going to and from Asia • EARLY CONTACT • 1778—British explorer, Captain James Cook visited Hawaii • After Cook’s visit, Hawaii’s Chief Kamehameha united the 8 major islands under his leadership

  7. He created a monarchy and began a profitable trade in sandalwood • 1820s—US ships began arriving in Hawaii frequently, bringing traders and missionaries • Missionaries came to convert natives to Christianity • Missionaries and their families settled down and began raising crops (sugarcane)

  8. Foreigners also brought diseases that the Hawaiians were not immune to. • Population declined—300,000 (1770s) to 40,000 (1893) • SUGAR INTERESTS GAIN POWER • Americans had a sweet tooth • Sugar planters became very rich

  9. Planters needed workers • Few native Hawaiians left, so people brought in from China, Japan, Philippines • 1874—Kalakaua becomes king • Americans had gained control of land and economy • Kalakaua was nationalistic and promised to put the Hawaiians back in power

  10. Kalakaua signed a treaty with the USA to send sugar to America tax free • Sugar tycoons wanted more power over Hawaiian affairs • PLOTTING AGAINST THE KING • A group of business leaders, planters, and trades formed a secret society called the Hawaiian League

  11. Purpose—overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii under control of the Americans • Conflict between business and King escalated in 1886 • The US wanted Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty • King Kalahaua would not give up independence of any part of the islands

  12. Hawaiian League forced the King to sign a new constitution at gunpoint in July 1887 • King called it the BAYONET CONSTITUTION • It severely restricted the King’s powers and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote • King forced to give up Pearl Harbor

  13. American warships had a permanent home in Hawaii • Sugar planters had political control over Hawaii • US revoked the Sugar treaty in1890 to support sugar producers on the mainland • Hawaiian business leaders thought the only option was to become part of the US

  14. Secret talks about annexation began • END OF THE MONARCHY • King Kalakaua died in 1891 • His sister, Liliuokalani, became queen • She was a nationalist that wanted to do away with the bayonet constitution • January 1893—Queen announced the monarchy would be restored

  15. In response, business leaders plotted to over thrown her • American Minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, ordered four boatloads of Marines to take up positions about the royal palace, aiming cannons and machine guns at the building • The rebels declared an end to the monarchy

  16. Queen Liliuokalani surrendered under protest January 17, 1893 • Rebel leaders formed a new government with Sanford B. Dole as president • Stevens recognized the new government and said the islands were under the protection of the US, all without official authorization

  17. ANNEXATION • President Cleveland put the treaty on hold and ordered an investigation • Investigator condemned the revolt and offered to put the Queen back on the throne • Cleveland agreed but Dole would not step down

  18. Cleveland would not use the military to back the Queen but he would not support annexation either • He passed the issue to the next president, William McKinley • McKinley favored annexation • Congress narrowly voted in favor in 1898. • Hawaii was now a territory and became the 50th state in 1959. • 1993—Congress formally apologized for the US’s role in overthrowing Liluokalania

  19. INFLUENCE IN CHINA • China stayed isolated from the rest of the world • Foreign traders could only go to the port at Guangzhou • 1842—British forced China to open 5 ports • US also gained greater trading privileges • China spent the next 50 years keeping foreign influence out

  20. 1895—Japan took over Taiwan • Russia, France, Germany, and Great Britain carved out their own SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • A geographic area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control • US proposed the OPEN DOOR POLICY in 1899

  21. The aim was equal trading rights in China • No other countries agreed to the open door policy • Secret society known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists began attacking foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians • This society was known to westerners as the Boxers

  22. June 1900—the Boxers laid siege to the capital Beijing in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion • Western nations rushed 20,000 troops including 2,000 Americans • The troops quelled the rebellion • September 1901—China signed a humbling settlement agreement • Western nations realized that competition would hurt Chinese trade

  23. INFLUENCE IN JAPAN • Japan was not known as an imperialist nation • Mid-1800s—US pressures Japan to open its ports to trade • 1853—President Fillmore send Commodore Matthew Perry and 4 ships into Tokyo Bay • Japan had never seen steamships before

  24. Japan knew it couldn’t defend itself against a modern navy • 1854—Japan signs a treaty with the US opening up trade • Japan began a rapid modernization program • 1904—RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR broke out • Spring 1905—both sides ask President Roosevelt to broker a peace treaty

  25. Both sides met in Portsmouth, NH to finalize a treaty • Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize • Japan was clear victor over Russia and hungry for territory • They wanted to expand in the Pacific to balance out US interests

  26. Roosevelt wanted to show how powerful the US military was • 1907—4 squadrons of battleships, known as the Great White Fleet, began a 43,000-mile round-the-world journey • Led by Rear Admiral Charles Sperry • Fleet stopped in 20 ports on 6 continents, including Japan • The fleet returned home in 1909 • THE END

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