Imperialism and Entering the World Stage

1. Imperialism and Entering the World Stage A.P. U.S. History Mr. Krueger

2. Towards Empire • Expansion of 1890’s differed from previous American expansions: • Economics – Desire for new markets and raw materials • Military – Desire for naval bases and coaling stations • Ideological – Desire to bring Christianity, western-style culture, and democracy to other people • Isolationism declines, and internationalism rose because of the increase in technology. • Imperialism was not popular at the onset of the 1870’s, but would eventually come to the forefront of American Politics.

3. Reasons for Expansion • End of the Frontier – diminishing opportunities at home. • New Markets • Trade – Exports • 1870 - $395 million • 1890 - $858 million • 1900 - $1.4 billion • Nationalism leads to Imperialism • Intellectuals based expansion on ideas from Charles Darwin – the fit would triumph. • Biogenic Law – German biologist Ernst Haeckel – Advanced Races would conquer and protect Primitive Races • Sense of Anglo – Saxon superiority and natural selection abound • Foreign Policy • Still based on Monroe Doctrine • William Henry Seward wanted to expand throughout the Western Hemisphere • Focus on Latin America and Hawaii

4. Hawaii and Samoa • Naval Bases and Hawaiian Sugar • McKinley Tariff of 1890 hurt the sugar production in Hawaii – gave American producers two-cents a pound on Hawaiian exports. • Queen Liliuokalani declared a new constitution to help her people and many natives were given rights. • American residents revolted and asked the U.S. for help – the marines were sent. 3 days later the Queen surrendered. Hawaii was annexed to the U.S. • Debates about the annexation – U.S. to “civilize and Christianize” the Hawaiians

5. War with Spain • Shaped all levels of American Society • Nationalism and Identity • North and South Reconciled after Civil War • Emerged as a world power • Created an Empire • Left some doubt… • Cuba was a remnant of Spain’s great empire – rebels fought against Spanish control • With the depression, a revolt broke out and many tried to sway American opinion to help the Cuban rebels. • Rebels used a hit and run, and scorched earth policy. • Spain tried to systematically wipe them out. When this did not work, Spain sent General ValerianoWeyler y Nicolau – he used “reconcentration” camps – thousands enter, 1/3rd die

7. Yellow Journalism • Yellow Journalism – sensationalist reporting, named after the “Yellow Kid,” a popular comic strip that was used • William Randolph Hearst - Published the New York Journal • Joseph Pulitzer – Published the New York World • Both Supported the Cuban Rebels and used biased sources to sell more papers

8. Causes for War • American anger over the treatment of Cubans • The outrage over the de Lome Letter, a letter written by Enrique Dupuy, Spain’s minister to the United States. • The sinking of the Maine off of Havana Harbor – February 15, 1898 • Blew up and killed 260 soldiers – Spain took the blame. • Teller Amendment – promise that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba.

10. Mechanics of the War • The first time the United States fought as one after the Civil War… • North and South together with African American troops • Many Volunteers join because of Nationalism • Troops were poorly supplied, but the war did not last long…

12. Road to War…1898 • The Philippines – the start of the war • Spain held the islands since 1500 • The United States Navy was led by Commodore George Dewey • The United States had the advantage of modern technology, iron and steel hulls, and superior weapons. • Quickly overwhelmed the Spanish. • No American Casualties, 400 Spanish died

13. War in the Philippines • Dewey began to plan an attack on the capital of Manila • Aided by Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of a rebel army of Filipino patriots • Helped Americans capture Manila • Spanish Forces in the Philippines surrendered on August 14, 1898.

14. The War moves to Cuba • The Rough Riders – Volunteer Calvary lead by Theodore Roosevelt. Composed of college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, and miners. • Battle of San Juan Hill • Battle of Santiago – U.S. Victory – July 3, 1898

15. Outcome • U.S. Victory – Annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. • The war cost the United States $250 Million and about 2,000 soldiers died, not from combat but from YELLOW FEVER. • Creation of an Imperialist United States and a presence on the World Stage.

16. Progressivism – A Review in Progress • Progressivism – movement started to address the problems created by industrialization. • Muckrakers – journalists who exposed the filth of society

17. Jacob Riis – “How the Other Half Lives”

18. Ida Tarbell – Attack on Standard Oil

19. Upton Sinclair – “The Jungle”

20. “Fighting Bob” La Follette • Housing Reforms • Tenement Act of 1901 • Work reforms • Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire • Government Reforms • Robert La Follette • Wisconsin Idea: • policy to apply the expertise of the state's university to social legislation that benefited all the state's citizens • It led to classic programs such as regulation of utilities, workers' compensation, tax reform, and university extension services

21. T.R. – President Roosevelt • Bully Pulpit – a powerful platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies. HANDS ON POLITICS • Square Deal • Regulating Big Business and Promoting Responsibility • Preserving the Natural Resources • John Muir – Naturalist, leave Nature alone • Gifford Pinchot - Conservationist, use wisely

22. President Wilson • The New Freedom – platform that called for tariff reductions, banking reforms, and stronger anti-trust legislations. • Graduated Income tax – the more $$ you have, the more taxes you pay. • Federal Reserve Act – created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic. • The 19th Amendment

23. Both • Reformers • Passed Progressive laws to help the U.S. • These limited big business • Gave rights to the workers • Both aided in civil rights, and both had controversial incidents • Brownsville Incident – Roosevelt signed papers discharging 167 falsely accused African American soldiers. • Wilson opposed federal anti-lynching laws, and allowed cabinet members to segregate their offices.