Native Americans European Exploration Africans and Slavery

1. Native AmericansEuropean ExplorationAfricans and Slavery Mrs. Dean Social Studies

2. Arrival of Native Americans • Who discovered America? • 28,000 nomadic hunters traveled BC over Bering Strait • Some continue to hunt large game • Others settle and become farmers • Native Americans reside throughout the Americas for thousands of years • 50-100 million natives • More than 2000 groups (or tribes)

3. Native Americans Thrive • Hundreds of tribes succeeded in North America • Had their own distinct languages • Estimates of NA in North America = 7-12 million (25 million in Mexico alone) • Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, cotton and took advantage of the numerous animal resources • Savage?

4. If this could be yours…would you take it?

5. Causes for European Exploration • 3 G’s • Gold • God • Glory

6. Gold • In Europe – land is no longer the way to be rich…they looked to gold • Marco Polo – travels to China, wrote about the culture – sparks exploration • More and more people are interested in the exotic goods • Merchants realize they can make $ by selling goods from the East • Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and precious stones in high demand • Most of the trading is done on land through middle men • Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East

7. Glory • What is the U.S. known for TODAY? • Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of countries) • Look to establish wealth and power specifically through power and trade • Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies • Improvements in technology encourage this growth • Moveable type/printing press = new info • Better maps = more accurate • Better navigation instruments = know direction/location • Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas • Look to make a better name for their nation-state!

8. God • Church is constantly looking to acquire land, wealth and believers • Protestant Reformation (early 1500’s) – led to decline in Catholic Church • Look for areas and people to convert

9. Christopher Columbus • How have you celebrated Columbus in the past? • Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia (for more efficient trading) • Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive 10% of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea • October 1492 – landed in Bahamas • Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba • On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves • Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for • Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe • 1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally millions)

10. Spanish Settlement • Spanish settled primarily in the Caribbean and Central America • Ponce de Leon – first to arrive on North American mainland • Looking for gold (exhausted supply in Caribbean) and fountain of youth • Spanish primarily stay in South (such as Florida, New Orleans)

11. Explorers vs. Indians • Examples of what is to come • Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas • Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico • Pizarro = Incas of Peru • English settlers of VA and MA = Powhatans and Pequots

12. Spanish vs. English Colonies • Spanish Armada • Failed attempt by Spain to restore English monarchy to a Catholic one • Spain no longer the ruler of the seas – opens the way for English exploration

13. English Take Over Exploration • 1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina) • Difficult winter – colonists returned to England • 1587 (2nd attempt) • 100 men; 17 women • Wrote of Native Americans • Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on American soil • John White sailed back for more supplies – returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted • Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree

14. English Exploration (cont’d) • Jamestown • Group of merchants from the Virginia Company of London • April 1607 • In the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who??? • Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later

15. Jamestown • When residents were starving, some ran off to join the Indians • Gov. of Jamestown ordered return of men but men did not • Gov. ordered revenge on Indians • Soldiers killed 16 Indians, burned houses, ruined corn fields, took queen of tribe and children • Took them into boats, threw children overboard and shot them in the head • Queen was taken off and stabbed to death • 12 yrs later, Indians feared growing numbers of settlers and went on killing rampage: 347 men, women and children Total War

16. Jamestown

17. New Wave of Colonists • Came searching for religious freedom • Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the Anglican Church • Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches • Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims • Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod • “Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.

18. Pilgrims and Indians • What is Thanksgiving? • Thanksgiving Video

19. Africa • Regions rich with natural resources – gold, copper, iron • By 1400, Portugal had set up trading posts on the west coast • Africans had long accompanied ships sailing to the New World, not necessarily as slaves

20. Africans • First Africans (20) workers to Jamestown in 1619 • Perhaps brought more as indentured servants – not lifetime service • Up until 1640 – some Africans were free and owned property • By 1660, slavery was recognized in Virginian law • African slaves came by the shiploads

21. Why Africans?.... • Why not poor whites, Native Americans, or other willing servants? • 1637 – very first American-made slave ship arrives in the colonies • Named Desire • Millions are to-be-slaves never make it to US • Disease • suicide

22. Slavery and the Middle Passage

23. Slavery in the US • Evolves to the most cruel form in the world • Even in South American and Caribbean Islands, Africans maintained certain aspects of their culture • Religion • Music • Language

24. Colonial Rule • England views its North American colonies as economic resource • In order to profit, colonies need to export more than they import • Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England • Monopoly over all colonists goods • Colonists begin to smuggle goods • Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government • Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established

25. Time Notebook“Numbers” pg115 • http://www.glencoe.com/cgi-bin/pdfServer.pl/sec/socialstudies/ose/aj2003/full/docs/chap04.pdf

26. Additional Costs of Goods • http://www.espl.org/genealogy-research/cost-of-some-items-in-colonial-virginia.html

27. French and Indian War • Map – pg 117 • American population growing – need more room to expand • French had good relationship with NA • Did not want their land, but fur trade • Often married NA women • Iroquois balanced the power by siding with the British

28. French and Indian War • George Washington surveys the land in the Ohio River Valley • Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754) • Went to present day Pittsburgh – French already built a fort • Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity • Washington tried to attack, but failed – returned to Virginia • Homework: Read Chapter 4-4 (121-125)