Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Chapter 8

2. Motivation • Motivation - the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. • Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I-O) • Motivational principles that boost efficiency, productivity, and well being in the work place • Incentive Theory- we are pulled toward behaviors by rewards or incentives • Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior • Extrinsic motivation- a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person. ( get rewards/avoid punishments) • Intrinsic motivation- desire to perform a behavior for it’s own sake

3. Instinct Approaches to Motivation • Instincts - the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals. (unlearned) • Ex.- salmon spawning at their birthplace, migrating birds • Instinct theory is not generally accepted as motivation for humans

4. Drive (Reduction) Theory of Motivation • Drive-reduction theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal. • Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism. • Drive - a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension(eating or drinking).

5. Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation • Primary drives - those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst. • (Acquired) Secondary drives - those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval. • Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state; aspect of body chemistry • What do you do when you are cold?

6. Arousal Approach to Motivation • Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. • Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation. • Sensation seeking behavior • Driven by curiosity

7. Arousal Approach to Motivation • Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. • This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks or well learned require a high-moderate level while more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level. • Runners excel when aroused by competition. But facing a difficult exam, high anxiety may disrupt performance.

9. Abraham Maslow’s- Hierarchy of Needs • Humanist that believed we all have needs we are motivated to satisfy • Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential. • Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self actualization is temporarily achieved.

10. Criticism- theory based on successful upper/middle class people living in the Western Hemisphere.

11. Self- Determination Theory • Humans have inherent growth tendencies and do most things out of intrinsic motivation • Positive Psychology • Positive emotions and attributes contribute to our overall health and well being • Martin Seligman- feel-good, do-good phenomenon

12. Hunger: Bodily Causes • Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream. • Glucagons- hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream. • Provides Energy • When it is low, we feel hungry • Endocrine System

13. Hunger: Bodily Causes • Weight set point – the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain. • “Weight Thermostat”- fall below and hunger increases while metabolism decreases • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting. Menu

15. Biological factors of Eating • Lateral hypothalamus- • tells the body to eat. If damaged, a person could starve to death • Ghrelin- a hormone, that, when released into the bloodstream, cues your brain that food is needed

16. Biological Factors of Eating Problems • Ventromedial hypothalamus • tells the body to stop eating- if damaged a person will eat uncontrollably • Leptin - a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full. • Role of leptin in obesity. • Genetics and obesity. • Genetics may play a part in anorexia and bulimia, as well as insensitivity to leptin.

18. Hunger: Social Causes • Social cues for when meals are to be eaten. • Cultural customs. • Food preferences. • Use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness. • Eat when other people eat. • Television Commercials • Magazines • Some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response, increasing the risk of obesity.

19. Obesity and weight control • Obesity - a condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percents vary across definitions). • Approximately 66% of Americans • Especially dangerous for children (set point, basal metabolic rate, eating habits) • Once a fat cell develops, it sticks around • Consequences are dire, lower life expectancy and significant life long health problems • Environmental factors contribute to weight- sleep loss, friendships, attitude towards food

20. Eating Problems • Anorexia nervosa - a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs. • Bulimia - a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging” or deliberately vomiting after eating or taking lacatives • Leads to weakened heart muscle, tooth decay, damage to the esophagus • Binge Eating Disorder- without the purging

21. Menu

22. Aggression • Hostile Aggression • Aggression carried out for its own sake • Tackling someone in the hallway • Instrumental Aggression • Aggression that is working toward some other goal besides aggression itself • Tackling someone on the football field • Frustration-Aggression Principle • When we are unable to reach an objective we become frustrated • Cathartic • Avenues to get your aggressions out

23. Elements of Emotion • Emotion - the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of thoughts and feelings. • Display rules - learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.

24. Common Sense Theory of Emotion • Common Sense Theory of Emotion - a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal. (Not accepted in the psychological community)

25. James-Lange Theory of Emotion • James-Lange theory of emotion - theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. • “I am shaking, oh no, it’s a cougar! I am afraid!” • Fear followed your bodies response • Cougar – Arousal – Emotion Stimulus Pounding Heart Fear J-L = Jump then Label

26. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - theory in which the physiological reaction and the subjective experience of emotion are assumed to occur at the same time by the thalamus. • “Oh no, it’s a cougar! I am shaking and I am afraid!” Arousal (Pounding Heart) • Cougar = + Emotion (Fear)

28. Two Factor Theory of Emotion • Schacter’s Two Factor theory – theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the cognitive labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment (situation) must occur before the emotion is experienced. • Emotions can feel the same but they change based upon situation • Also called the Cognitive Arousal theory or The Schacter-Singer theory Arousal (Pounding Heart) • Cougar = + = Emotion (Fear) Cognitive Label(I’m afraid)

30. Opponent Process Theory • People start at a baseline stage; we perform an act that moves us from this stage into another stage then we eventually go beyond homeostasis in the opposite direction • We may feel a “high” but will eventually return to our baseline • Bungee Jumping • Drug Addictions • Highs and crashes

31. Emotion and the ANS • Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes your body for action and calms it down • Sympathetic system releases epinepherine and norepinepherine, the liver increases sugar in the blood, respiration increases, digestion decreases, pupils dilate, perspiration increases • Parasympatheitc system takes over when the emotion subsides.

32. Emotion and the brain • Negative emotions are linked to the right side while positive emotions are linked to the left. • The Singer and Schacter study showed how we interpret and label our state of arousal will reflect in our emotional experience. (arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it) • A stirred up state can be experienced in one emotion or another depending on how we interpret it • Example: Fear, Anger, Sexual Excitement

33. Brain’s shortcut for emotion • In the two track brain, sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala for an instant emotional reaction, OR to the cortex for analysis. • Ex. We see a shadow and get alarmed only to realize it is something harmless. • (speedy low road vs. thinking high road)

34. Brain’s shortcut for emotion

35. Detecting Emotion • Humans are good at detecting emotions of others by listening to their voice and watching their facial muscles. • It is easy to misread electronic communication due to the absence of nonverbal cues. • Women have a stronger ability to read nonverbal cues and respond with more emotion to situations than men • More likely to express empathy

36. Universal Expressions: Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard • Happy • Sadness • Surprise • Anger • Disgust • Fear Paul Ekman added contempt

37. Facial Feedback Hypothesis • Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion. • Smiling induces happy feelings • Emotions are contagious • Pencil-in-the-lips • Behavior Feedback- head up vs. head down

38. Function of fear • Fear is adaptive. • Learning to fear is a natural process • Human fear is regulated by the amygdala, which associates certain situations and object with fear/danger. • Phobias= intense fears out of proportion to the danger they actually represent, that disrupts a persons ability to cope.

39. Stress • Stress- the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. • Stressor- stimulus (acute or chronic) • Stress Reaction- physical or emotional • Stress- how we relate

40. Stress response system • Hypothalamus- pituitary gland- sympathetic-adrenal gland- hormones- Fight or flight • Withdraw, pull back, conserve energy- “paralyzed with fear” • Tend and befriend- common response among women • General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye’s) • Alarm- Heart rate increases, body gets ready • Resistance- body remains physiologically ready • Exhaustion- body weakens as a result of the long fight; Parasympathetic System • Severe stress seems to age people; cause health and emotional issues

41. Cognitive Model of Stress • Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman • How we deal with stressors is dependent upon two cognitive processes: • Primary-Appraisal Process- assess the potential threat or harm; if true we move into the second stage… • Secondary-Appraisal Process- ability to cope with the event and resources available

42. Stress Inducing Conflicts- Kurt Lewin • Approach-Approach Conflict • Two equally attractive options and you couldn’t decide which one to choose • Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict • Two equally unattractive options and you couldn’t decide which one to choose • Approach-Avoidance Conflict • A situation has both attractive and unattractive elements that makes it hard to decide • Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts • Same as above but there are multiple layers of attractive and unattractive elements

43. Stressful life events • Catastrophes- increases in depression, anxiety and suicide rates often result • Significant life changes- • Death of significant person, loss of job, marriage, divorce, birth of a child • Daily hassles- perhaps most significant source of stress; can negatively impact our health and well being • increases in coronary heart disease are a real impact of stress on the body

44. Coping with stress • Optimism- perceive more control, cope better with stressful events and enjoy better health. • Find humor in daily life • Supportive family and friends (pets) • Exercise- hellloo… norepinepherine, serotonin and endorphins! • Meditation, biofeedback and spirituality • Type A Personality- competitive, hardworking impatient, aggressive, anger-prone, intense • Type B Personality- easy going, laid back, relaxed • Who is more likely to have heart problems?