1)The Legacy of Haymarket 2) A Glance Forward: Radical Movements in the Twentieth Century

1. 1)The Legacy of Haymarket2) A Glance Forward: Radical Movements in the Twentieth Century History 350June 5, 2013

2. Announcements • Study questions on Martin Duberman, Haymarket, are now online. • Upcoming deadlines: • NEW: Final exam essay questions and instructions now online. • Discussion Forum #3 is now closed. • Late papers accepted (with grading penalty) through Monday, June 10. See next slide for details. • June 11: Take-home final exam due 3:15 p.m. In-class final exam 3:15-5:15. • Discussion forum #4 (on Haymarket) is now online on Blackboard. It’s open through Thursday, June 13. • I’ll keep office hours next Monday from 11:00-1:00. You can pick up your graded papers at that time or at the in-class final.

3. Late Papers • As noted, late papers will be accepted through Monday, June 10 but penalized one grading level (e.g. from a B to a B-) for each date late. • If your paper is late, bring it to my office, 366 McKenzie. Staple it securely and slide it under the door if I’m not there. • NOTE: Put the date and time you’re submitting it on the first page of the paper.

4. Some Websites of Interest • The classic statement of the contrast between “negative” and “positive” liberty, by philosopher Isaiah Berlin. • PBS American Experience documentary Chicago: City of the Century website • A very large collection of Haymarket-related material from the Library of Congress website • The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 video (12 min.) • Preamble and Declaration of Principles of the Knights of Labor • An archive of Haymarket anarchist material • Excerpts from Chicago: City of the Century on Haymarket affair: part1, part 2part 3 (about 15 min. total)

5. The Legacy of Haymarket Police Monument Martyrs’ Monument

6. Monumental Histories: The Police Monument • 1889: Chicago Tribune, the city’s leading newspaper, leads fundraising campaign for a police monument • 1927: Streetcar crash damages monument. Motorman says he’s "sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised.” • 1969 and 1970: Monument bombed, statue moved to Police Department Headquarters • 2007 Monument rededicated near Haymarket Square

7. Labor Monuments • Martyrs’ Monument dedicated 1893 in Waldheim Cemetery. Rededicated 2011 on 125th anniversary of the bombing. • It’s still controversial. Note anarchist graffiti on monument plaque.

8. A New Memorial: Dedicated 2004

9. America’s First “Red Scare” • New York Times headline: • Anarchy’s Red Hand •  Rioting and Bloodshed in the Streets of Chicago. • Police mowed down with dynamite •  Strikers killed with volleys from revolvers. • The slaughter following an anarchist meeting-twelve policemen dead or dying – the number of killed or injured civilians unknown but very large – the bravery of the police force. • Chicago Tribune headline: A Hellish DeedA Dynamite Bomb Thrown Into a Crowd of Policemen It explodes and covers the street with dead and mutilated officers –A storm of bullets follows-  The police return the fire and wound a number of rioters- Harrowing scenes at the Desplaines Street Station- A night of terror. • Chicago Times editorial: "Let us whip these slavic wolves back to the European dens from which they issue, or is some way exterminate them." 

10. Controlling Labor Unrest • In the aftermath of Haymarket, business interests in Chicago donated land to the Federal government to build a military fort, later named Fort Sheridan, in what is now suburban Chicago.

11. 1889: Anarchy and Anarchists • In 1889, Captain Michael Schaack of the Chicago Police published Anarchy and Anarchists, which luridly described the bombing and the anarchists’ terrorist conspiracies behind it.

12. 1893: Altgeld Pardon • In 1893, with three Haymarket defendants still in prison, Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld issued a pardon, releasing them from prison. • The “Red Scare” mood was still strong. Altgeld’s pardon was politicalsuicide and it ended the career ofa politician who had been talkedabout as a future Presidentialcandidate.

13. Labor Violence Continues • 1892: Homestead Steel Strike near Pittsburgh • Pinkerton private police battle workers, dozens of casualties • Anarchist Alexander Berkman attempts an attentat—tries to assassinate the General Manager of the steel mill. • Berkman and his lover, Emma Goldman, had become anarchists in response to the hanging of the Haymarket martyrs. Emma became the most prominent anarchist in America. • 1894: Pullman Strike—National railroad strike beginning at Pullman, Illinois factories for making sleeping cars. About thirty deaths in Chicago area alone. • Army troops from Fort Sheridan called on to suppress the strike • One study found 700 instances of labor conflict in the U.S. with deaths recorded. In 160 conflicts, the U.S. military intervened to suppress strikes.

14. The Next Generation of American Anarchists: Goldman and Berkman

15. Into the Twentieth Century • The meanings of equality • The limits of equality of opportunity • Is equality sameness? • Do rights make sense? • “Rights talk” as political rhetoric? • Rights and the existing power structure • Sources of radicalism in capitalist America • And in post-industrial society?