Changes in National Security

1. Changes in National Security Created By: Ashley Spivey

2. Checks and balances Powers expressed in Constitution Supremacy Clause: Federal government has superiority over state and local governments State and Local governments run parallel to this model US Federal Government

3. Adopted within the context of national supremacy to include: enumerated, implied and reserved powers, dual citizenship and provisions to 10th and 14th amendments. • More detailed and defined powers of government as they apply to the state such as “police powers” to promote public health, safety, morals and welfare to state and local governments • Policies for passing certain state laws (Ex: Georgia Lottery) Georgia’s Constitution

4. 1953-1962: Concerned with Soviet Union nuclear capabilities President Eisenhower : “New Look” • Rollback – Roll back the “iron curtain”; contain and prevent the progression of communism • Brinkmanship- strategy to use the threat of nuclear annihilation • Massive retaliation- threat of total destruction to Soviet’s population and industrial centers Convince communist parties that the cost and risk of using nuclear weapons would not be worth the potential gain

5. 1962-1968: Competitive Coexistence Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Threat of Nuclear Exchange “Hot Line” • 1969-1978: Détente Policy: long series of negotiations and treaties to attempt to regulate nuclear surplus 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1975 Helsinki Agreement 1979 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II

6. 1969-1978 cont. Nixon Doctrine • US would keep treaty commitments • US will provide a shield of protection if nuclear power threatens the freedom of an allied nation • US would furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance to signed treaty commitments President Carter Administration placed more emphasis on global agenda: • Regional issues, North-South relationships, economic interdependence of industrial democracies Détente period ended with the Soviet’s invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979

7. 1979-1986 Confrontation Period Carter : Any attempt by outside force to gain control of Persian Gulf will be regarded as an assault of the interest of the US Reagan Administration: Anti-Communist Policy • Revitalize US military and ties to foreign allies • Star Wars Project – switch from offensive strategy to defense • “New Thinking” Strategy to cut the nuclear arsenals of both countries in half 1987 Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty = End of Cold War

8. 1991-2001 Post Cold War Era Collapse of Soviet Union Clinton Administration: peace operations and maintaining a presence in areas of US interest Persian Gulf War Terrorist Attacks: • 1st World Trade Center Attack 1993 • Car bombing in Saudi Arabia 1995 • Truck bombing in Saudi Arabia 1996 • 2 Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 1998 • USS Cole in Yemen in 2000 Increase in US force protection in all oversea locations and increased law enforcement investigation

9. 2001- present day September 11, 2001 US no longer insulated from foreign aggressions Dept. of Homeland Security – Bush Administration • Improved coordination and sharing of information between agencies with US and foreign allies • Increased security of US borders • Improved security of critical infrastructures: transportation, energy and communication networks • Passport security increased US, Canada, Mexico Smart Borders Declaration Dec. 2001 • Improve border crossing, enhance processes of travel

10. http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0644.shtm Interactive Website that provides information for each federal agency working under the Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security

11. GEMA provides the State a comprehensive and aggressive all-hazard to homeland security initiatives, mitigations, preparedness, recovery, and special events in order to protect life and property and prevent and or reduce negative impacts of terrorism and natural disasters. GEMA also is the lead agency for the unified coordination of planning and response to events that require multi-agency support. • http://www.gema.ga.gov/ Website offers information about agencies responsibilities for responding to critical emergencies GEMA – Georgia Emergency Management Agency/Homeland Security

12. The Georgia Information Sharing & Analysis Center was created to serve as the fusion center between local, state, and federal agencies. The primary mission of GISAC is to serve as the state’s focal point for the collection, assessment, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism intelligence. The GISAC is composed of representatives from Georgia Bureau of Investigation (G.B.I.), Georgia Department of Public Safety / Georgia State Patrol (G.S.P.), Georgia’s Sheriff’s Association (G.S.A.), Georgia Association of Fire Chiefs (G.A.F.C.), Georgia Association of Chief of Police (G.A.C.P.), and the Georgia Department of Corrections. GISAC- Georgia Information Sharing & Analysis Center

13. The local public safety teams will be the first responders on the scene should a terrorist attack occur. The federal government realized that in order to prepare the local departments to respond to these incidents, they must provide finical and specialized training to the agencies. Local departments received federal grants to assist them in purchasing specialized equipment needed to respond to terrorist attacks. Local teams also received training in dealing with mass casualties and hazardous materials. Local Public Safety

14. Since the 9/11 attacks, law enforcement and the private sector have developed security partnerships to prevent / detour terrorism and terror –related attacks. The goal of the partnerships is collaboration, in which each group recognizes their missions and work to share each other’s resources. These partnerships offer a number of benefits that include creative problem solving, increased training opportunities, and intelligence sharing. Private Sector Security