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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins. A resource book for students. Strand 7: Asian and European Englishes. Europe Asia Expanding Circle Outer Circle Emerging Euro-English Asian Englishes Bi- and multilingual contexts ‘Linguistic orphans’ (Kachru 1992) . A7.

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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

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  1. World EnglishesJennifer Jenkins A resource book for students

  2. Strand 7: Asian and European Englishes Europe Asia Expanding Circle Outer Circle Emerging Euro-English Asian Englishes Bi- and multilingual contexts ‘Linguistic orphans’ (Kachru 1992) A7

  3. English as an Asian language • Regional categorisation • South Asian varieties • Southeast Asian and Pacific varieties • East Asian varieties • Functional categorisation • Institutionalized varieties (Outer Circle) • Non-institutionalized varieties (Expanding Circle) A7

  4. English in Europe • European Union (EU): • 23 official languages • 3 dominant languages: English, French, German • English = the de factoEuropean lingua franca • Emerging features (Seidlhofer, Breiteneder, Pitzl 2006) • Nativisation processes A7

  5. Codification of Asian Englishes • Importance of codification • Acceptance, prestige, classroom model • Obstacles in codification model – SLA perspective: • Indigenised varieties of English (IVEs) regarded as ‘interlanguages’ • Goal of SLA = native-like competence • NS input sufficient for acquisition • SLA process without reference to L2 functions • Role of L1  interference • Motivation for acquisition ‘integrative’, i.e. admiration of NS, desire to become member of culture B7

  6. IVE settings differ from SLA concepts • IVE settings: • Target: no longer NS, but other NNSs • Input is IVE (not NS) • Multilingual settings, diglossic situation • English does not serve all functions, other local languages present • Motivation for learning: instrumental not integrative B7

  7. The SLA paradigm • SLA: ‘Interlanguage’ (Selinker 1972) • Unstable learner language or • Fossilised learner language • IVEs = fossilised interlanguage (IL) competences • Criticised e.g. by Y. Kachru and Canagarajah B7

  8. Challenges in codifying Asian Englishes • Choice of a standard • Selection of features • Local needs vs. International intelligibility • Intranational functions • Acceptance of local innovations • Code-switching and code-mixing as part of bilingual competence  Most comprehensive attempt at codification: Macquarie Regional Asian English Dictionary B7

  9. Indian English • One of the two highest populations of English speakers • British colonial history • After independence in 1947: attempt to replace English by Hindi, but English remained ‘associate’ official language • Indian English identity, complementary relationship with indigenous languages • Varietal characteristics • Mixed acceptance of English as an Indian language C7

  10. Hong Kong English • Hong Kong: British colony since 1842, Special Administrative Region of China since 1997 • Hong Kong English • Position as accepted variety is not secure • British English still aspired to (also teaching model – importing of NS teachers) • Distinct lexical items • At stage three in Schneider’s (2003) five-stage model for the evolution of New Englishes • Might be further influenced by Cantonese and Mandarin C7

  11. China English • A variety? • Lexical, grammatical and phonological features • Growing acceptance among the Chinese • Growing importance • Likely to become most common variety of English in Asia • High number of speakers C7

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