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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins. A resource book for students. Strand 1: Historical, social and political context. English as a first language (L1) - 329,140,800 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a) English as an institutionalised second language (L2) - 430,614,500 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a)

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World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins

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  1. World EnglishesJennifer Jenkins A resource book for students

  2. Strand 1: Historical, social and political context • English as a first language (L1) - 329,140,800 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a) • English as an institutionalised second language (L2) - 430,614,500 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a) • English as a foreign language (EFL) • English as a lingua franca (ELF) A1

  3. The two diasporas of English • First diaspora • Migrations to North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa • L1 varieties of English = ‘new Englishes’ • Second diaspora • Colonialisation of Asia and Africa • L2 varieties of English = ‘New Englishes’ A1

  4. The legacy of colonialism • The devaluing of local language and culture • Assumption of the inferiority of the indigenous language and culture vs. the superiority of the colonisers and their language • Lack of confidence with L2 users of English, inferiority complex (Medgyes 1994) • The loss of ethnic identity • Destruction of the ethnic identities of colonised peoples • Loss of indigenous languages (heritage languages) as markers of identity • Loss of place (ethnic homeland) as markers of identity B1

  5. ‘English Only’ in the US • Increase in multi-ethnicity: Growing population of ethnolinguistic minorities • Reversal of policy for education in immigrants’ L1s • ‘Proposition 227’ (1998) • Obligatory immersion program • ‘Sink or swim’ • Alienation from own first language and culture • Social isolation • Loss of cultural identity C1

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