LEARNING ORGANIZATION

1. LEARNING ORGANIZATION THE CHARACTERISTICS, OUTCOMES AND SOURCES OF THE LEARNING ORGANIZATION : THE CASE OF CAR COMPONENT SUPPLIERS IN BRITAIN Graduation Thesis for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (Economics) By Philipp G. Rosengarten

2. ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING Organizational learning, should include: • The learning process itself • Knowledge acquisition or generation • Individuals • Teams • Organizational knowledge

3. DEFINITION “Organization learning is a process of knowledge acquisition or generation of an organization, performed through individuals, which can be accomplished by teams. It based on organizational memory that is expanded, which can improve organizational action”

4. Netty Dyan Prastika MODEL-MODEL PEMBELAJARAN

5. INITIATING FACTORS OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING (2.4) Argyris & Schon suggest : “Changes in norms of organizational theory of action, or in central elements of organizational theory-in-use, tend to occur through the eruptions consequent on ecological adjusment and in the face of change in organizational environments”

6. Faktor pemicu organization learning, yaitu: Initiating Factors… (lanjutan) • Opportunities/Kesempatan • Threats/Ancaman • People

7. FACTOR THAT ENFORCE OR OBSTRUCT ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING (2.5) • difference in opinions • thinking in alternatives • promoting of experimentations Factor that Enforce Organization Learning Factor that Obstruct Organizational Learning • double bind • defensive routines • anxiety I

8. A metaphor for the ability of an organization to store knowledge. ORGANIZATIONAL MEMORY(2.6) View of Organizational Memory • Implicit & Explicit Organizational memory • Internal & External Organizational memory • Directly & Indirectly available organizational memory

9. Implicit & Explicit Organizational Memory • Implisit : Ada dalam pikiran employee : mulai dari pandangan dunia (umum) mengenai budaya organisasi sampai pada SOP • Eksplisit : disimpan bebas dari anggota organisasi (diluar dari diri employee) : dokumen, laporan-laporan, arsip-arsip dan rekaman atau data komputer dan sistem yang cangih.

10. Internal & External Organizational Memory • Internal : Seluruh memori yang disimpan dlm diri organisasi itu sendiri baik material maupun imaterial (dlm pikiran employee ataupun dalam bentuk dokumen, arsip, atau komputer organisasi) • External : segala hal yang meliputi pengetahuan diluar perusahaan, namun dapat dimunculkan kembali, dapat berada di perusahaan saingan atau patner, arsip umum, database komersial, anggota organsasi terdahulu

11. Directly & Indirectly Available Organizational Memory • Langsung : “actual knowledge base” pengetahuan individu yang berkaitan langsung dng organisasi. Bagian inti dr pengetahuan ini diberikan pd semua anggota orgnisasi • Tidak langsung : “latent knowledge base”, meliputi pengetahuan anggota orgnisasi, sama baiknya dng lingkungan, yg tidak langsung tersedia utk organisasi. Hanya berupa pengetahuan potensial thdp organisasi

12. Other cosmic knowledge LATENT KNOWLEDGE BASE Knowledge of the environment which exists through a meta knowledge in the organization Individual knowledge which is not available to the organization ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE BASE Individual knowledge available to the organization Knowledge shared by everybody Layered Model of Organizational Knowledge Base

13. Definition of Organizational Memory “Organizational memory is normally defined as the internal implicit and explicit knowledge of an organization”

14. ORGANIZATION LEARNING CYCLES (2.7)

15. Organizational learning (pembelajaran organisasi) dihadirkan dalam 3 kelompok, yaitu : • Basic Organizational Learning Cycles :organizational level • Advance Organizational Learning Cycles : encompass different levels of the organization • Advance Organizational Learning Cycles with Memory :includes the existence of organizational memory or knowledge

16. Basic Organizational Learning Cycles Take place at organizational level

17. The Organizational learning Cycle by Argyris & Schon Discovery Generalization Invention Production

18. “DISCOVER” menemukan permasalahan dengan melakukan menyelesaikan suatu pemeriksaan secara kolaboratif • “INVENTION” menemukan strategi baru, didesain untuk memperbaiki kesalahan atau menyelesaikan masalah • “PRODUCED” / implemented : memproduksi atau menerapkan • “GENERALIZATION” evaluasi dan generalisasi dari implementasi yang telah dibuat

19. SCANNING (Data Collection) INTERPRETATION (Data Given Meaning) The Organizational learning Cycle by Draft & Weick LEARNING (Action Taken) About the environment through monitoring Concept & theories are develop to enlighten the data with a meaning Gained from scanning & interpretation

20. Concrete Experience Execution Divergence Active Experimentation Reflective Observation Convergence Assimilation Abstract Conceptualizaton The Organizational learning Cycle by Carlsson et al.

21. The Organizational learning Cycle by Nevis et al Knowledge acquisition Knowledge sharing Knowledge utilization Learning is integrated Available to everybody & can be applied to new situations Develop skills, insight or relationship Everybody receive information that has been acquired by others

22. Table : Basic Organization Learning Cycles

23. Advance Organizational Learning Cycles Meliputi tindakan dan pembelajaran organisasi serta pembelajaran individual

24. The Organizational learning Cycle by March & Oslen Individual actions or participation in a choice situation Individuals’cognitions and preferences, their “models of the world” Organizational actions: “Choice” or “Outcomes” Environmental actions or “responses”

25. The Organizational learning Cycle by Pautzke Individual learning Argumentation Understanding- orientated engagement Instuitutional, Formalization Collective learning

26. The Organizational learning Cycle by Dixon Generate Concrete experience Active experimentation Reflective observation Integrate Act Abstract conceptualization Interpret

27. Table :Advance Organization Learning Cycles

28. Advance Organizational Learning Cycles with Memory Disamping mencakup pembelajaran individual dan pembelajaran organisasi dan action, kelompok ini juga memasukkan pengetahuan organisasional

29. The Organizational learning Cycle by Muller-Strevens & Pautzke Collective learning Individual knowledge Knowledge of organization Experience Institutionalization Realization of knowledge Institutionalize, authorized organizational knowledge Action

30. The Organizational learning Cycle by Nonaka & Takeuchi Sharing tacit knowledge Creating concepts Justifying concepts Building an archetype Cross- leveling knowledge Internalization Market Enabling Conditions Intention Autonomy Fluctuation / Creative chaos Redudancy Requisite variety Tacit knowledge in organization Explicit knowledge in organization Socialization Externalization combination Explicit knowledge as advertisements, patents, product and/or services From collaborating organizations Tacit Knowledge From user Internalization by users

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