Becoming a World Power 1865-1916

1. Becoming a World Power1865-1916 Chapter 23

2. Section 1 – Across the Pacific • Isolationism and expansionism • Isolationism • Review 9th grade – GW “Farewell Address” • “steer clear of permanent alliances” • Americans should have “as little political connection as possible” with foreign nations • Why? • Expansionism • Extending national boundaries • From the US’ beginning, extended boundaries west • Opening trade with Japan • Japan cut themselves off from the world in 1600s • Expelled all westerners • Allowed 1 ship per year to trade at Nagasaki • Foreign sailors wrecked on the shores of Japan not allowed to leave • Matthew Perry – Commodore sent by President Millard Fillmore in 1850s to 1) open trade with Japan and 2) help shipwrecked sailors • Perry took 4 steam-powered warships to Tokyo Bay, 1853. Gave message to officials from President Fillmore asking for trade relations. Said he would return following year for an answer • Came back in 1854 with 7 warships. Japanese impressed by show of strength.

3. Across the Pacific/Opening Trade with Japan, continued • Treaty of Kanagawa • Japan will help shipwrecked sailors • Opened 2 Japanese ports to trade • Japan set out to become a modernized industrial nation, with the US as its model • Purchase of Alaska • Russians owned Alaska, but was too far away for them to govern effectively • 1860s Secretary of State William Seward looked at Alaska as important for increasing US commerce in Asia and the Pacific • 1867, Seward playing cards one night. Message from Russian ambassador: Russian Czar (?) willing to sell Alaska for $7.2 million. Seward agreed right away. This increased the size of the US by almost 20% at a cost of 2 cents per acre. (What would that be today?) • Most Americans looked at Alaska as a land of ice and called the purchase “Seward’s Folly”. Today, we know it is good for farming, timber, copper, gold, petroleum, natural gas.

4. Across the Pacific, continued • Age of Imperialism • Imperialism – policy of powerful countries trying to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions • 1870-1914 – Age of Imperialism – European countries, US, Japan became imperial countries in Africa and southern Asia. • Reasons for imperialism, worldwide: • Economic – (Remember mercantilism?) • “White man’s burden” – Europeans had a “duty” to spread their religion and culture to those “less civilized” • Competition – when a European nation colonized an area, it closed off those markets to other countries • American interests in empire • Producing more than we can use – need markets • Americans “divinely commissioned” to spread democracy and Christianity • Need for a new frontier to keep economy booming – take foreign lands • American naval power • Needed to protect foreign trade and our merchant ships • By late 1890s we had a large and powerful navy (who was Assistant Secretary of the Navy at this time?). • The navy was called the Great White Fleet. Why?

5. Across the Pacific, continued • A Naval Base in Samoa • http://maps.google.com/maps?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4DKUS_enUS230US231&q=Samoa&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl • Samoa had a great harbor for both a naval base and a commercial port • US, Germany, and Great Britain all wanted control of Samoa • 1889 – appeared a military battle would take place • German ships fired on villages friendly to Americans • German and American tensions grew on the warships in the area – then a storm came and sunk both nations’ ships • Agreement – US and Germany divided Samoa; Britain got other territories in Pacific. (People of Samoa had no say)

6. Across the Pacific, continued • Annexing Hawaii • http://maps.google.com/maps?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4DKUS_enUS230US231&q=Hawaii+map&um=1&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&resnum=1&ct=image • 8 large islands, 100+ small islands • Settled by people from islands in the South Pacific about 2,000 years ago • Americans and Europeans first learned about it in 1778 • Rich soil, warm climate, plenty of rainfall, strategic location • 1820 – American missionaries arrive to convert Hawaiians to Christianity • By mid-1800s, Americans set up sugar plantations and imported cheap labor from Asia. By 1900, ¼ of Hawaii’s population had been born in Japan. • 1887 – American planters forced the King of Hawaii to rewrite their constitution to give the king less power and the planters more. • 1891 – King died and his sister, Liliuokalani, became Queen. Rejected new constitution. • 1893 – American planters rebelled and got the marines to land and help overthrow the queen. • Planters set up a republic and asked US to annex Hawaii • Pres. Grover Cleveland: “Our interference in the Hawaiian Revolution of 1893 was disgraceful. I am ashamed of the whole affair.” Refused to annex • Congress annexed Hawaii after Cleveland left office. In 1900 it became a territory and in 1959 it became the 50th state.

7. Across the Pacific, continued • Rivalry in China • Spheres of Influence – an area where a nation had special trading privileges • By the late 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan had spheres of influence in China. • US was late to this source of natural resources • 1899 – Secretary of State John Hay sent a letter to all countries with spheres of influence in China suggesting an Open Door Policy – any nation could trade in the spheres of any other nation. They agreed. • Boxer Rebellion – • Righteous Fists of Harmony, nicknamed “Boxers”. What did they want? • 1900 – Boxers rebelled, killing more than 200 foreigners. Trapped hundreds in Beijing, the capital. • International army (including 2,500 Americans) fought their way into Beijing and freed the trapped foreigners and ended the rebellion • Several nations wanted to seize more land in China as a result • Hay sent another Open Door letter urging all to respect China’s independence. They agreed, fearing that if they didn’t, there would be a war. New US role in world affairs

8. What foreign policy ideas did George Washington’s Farewell Address express? Commodore Matthew Perry succeeded in opening trade with who? Expansionism A. India Imperialism B. Japan C. Isolationism C. China Mercantilism D. Alaska Take out your index cards

9. Section 2 –The Spanish-American War • By the 1890s, Spain’s “empire” in the Western Hemisphere was down to 2 islands – Cuba and Puerto Rico. • 1868-1878 – 1st Cuban revolution against Spain. Spain won. Some of the Cuban revolutionaries came to NY. • Lola Rodríguez de Tió – wrote patriotic poems in support of Cuban independence • José Martí – started a newspaper for Cuban freedom • 1895 – Martí went back to Cuba to help start another revolution. He was killed early but rebels took over most of the island. • Spain sent a new governor to Cuba who was brutal. Put about 500,000 Cubans into detention camps. At least 100,000 died from starvation and disease. • Americans had invested about $50 million into Cuba (?) • Trade with Cuba was worth about $100 million per year (?) • Some Americans wanted us to go to war to help Cuba become independent. Others were afraid it would hurt our investments and economy.

10. Spanish-American War, continued War Fever • Hearst and Pulitzer (who?) competed to print the most graphic stories about Spanish cruelty to the Cubans. This sold newspapers. (yellow journalism) • President Cleveland tried to stay out of the war. • President McKinley also tried to stay out of the war. • 1898 – our battleship, Maine, was in Havana to protect Americans living in Cuba. Large explosion on ship killed 260 of 350 sailors. • Yellow press: “Destruction of the warship Maine was the work of an enemy”; “The warship Maine split in two by an enemy’s secret infernal machine?” • Unsure of real cause. Most historians think it was an accident. • Americans started chanting for war “Remember the Maine” • April 25, 1898, US Congress declared war on Spain.

11. Spanish-American War, continued • The War itself • Stretched from the Caribbean (where Cuba is) to the Philippines in the Pacific • Only lasted 4 months! • Philippines • Asst. Sec. of Navy (?) had ordered a warship to the Pacific 2 months before war, with instructions that if war with Spain is declared, they are to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines • Surprised Spanish fleet 5 days after war declared and destroyed it. • Landed on Philippines (which also had been fighting for independence from Spain). With the help of the rebels the US captured the Philippines. • Caribbean • TR and the Rough Riders – along with African American soldiers, took San Juan Hill. Two days later, Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered. • US troops then landed in Puerto Rico and claimed it. • American casualties – 379 killed in battle; 5,000+ died of yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria

12. Spanish-American War, continued The Fruits of Victory • Peace treaty: • Spain gave Cuba its independence • Spain gave US Puerto Rico and Guam • Spain sold the Philippines to US for $20 million • Large debate about approving treaty – • Many said it violated US principles of democracy by turning us into a colonial power • Expansionists said we needed naval bases in Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines and they were new territory for business • Treaty narrowly approved in early 1899. US was now an empire

13. Spanish-American War, continued Ruling Cuba and Puerto Rico • Cuba • Instead of independence, American soldiers stayed there but let Cubans write their constitution. However, we made them accept the Platt Amendment – allows the US to interfere in Cuba and gave the Guantanamo Bay naval base to US. (Gitmo?) • This made Cuba an American protectorate – a nation whose independence is limited by the control of a more powerful country • Puerto Rico • Foraker Act of 1900 set up a government in Puerto Rico • Puerto Ricans had limited say in running their government • 1917 – Puerto Ricans made citizens of US Filipino (notice spelling) War for Independence • Rebels shifted from rebelling against Spain to rebelling against US for independence • Lasted until 1901 • Casualties: 4,000+ Americans died, 20,000 Filipino soldiers and 200,000 Filipino civilians died. • Not given freedom until 1946

14. By the 1890s, Spain’s empire in the Western Hemisphere had come down to which two islands? What was the war cry for the Spanish-American War? Cuba and Puerto Rico A. No taxation without representation! Haiti and Philippines B. Remember the Maine! C. Jamaica and Cuba C. Remember the Alamo! Dominican R. and Haiti D. Remember Pearl Harbor! Take out your index cards

15. Section 3 –Relations with Latin America Roosevelt and the Panama Canal • Isthmus – a narrow strip of land connecting 2 larger bodies of land. • When TR became President, he wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which belonged to Colombia. If the US had this canal, the trip by ship from NYC to San Francisco would be shortened by 8,000 miles! This would lower the cost of shipping goods, and allow our navy to quickly go from Atlantic to Pacific and back. • Offered Colombia $10 million immediately plus $250,000 per year to rent a strip of land across Panama. Colombia refused. • TR made it clear he would help Panamanian rebels if they wanted to revolt against Colombia. • American warship showed up in Panama on November 2, 1903. On November 3rd, Panama rebelled and American troops stopped Colombian troops from stopping the rebellion. New nation of Panama agreed to the deal TR offered Colombia. • “Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far” – African proverb • It took more than 40,000 workers to build the canal • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=4C51D0EC-70BD-41E8-A8DE-23F9398D798E&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US1:50-3:50

16. Relations with Latin America, continued Policing Latin America • Review from last year – 1823 – Monroe Doctrine – what did it say? • 1902 – Several European countries sent warships to try to force Venezuela to repay its debts. • 1904 – Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – US has the right to interfere in Latin America to preserve law and order. • Dollar Diplomacy – President William Howard Taft wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets” in our relationship with Latin America. He urged American bankers to invest there. Theory: strong economic ties would give us more influence than a strong military. Problem: sometimes we needed to use our military to protect those investments (1912 Nicaraguan revolution) • Moral Diplomacy – President Woodrow Wilson felt we should convince Latin America by condemning imperialism, encouraging the spread of democracy, and promoting peace. However, Wilson ordered military intervention in Latin America more than any prior President. • Many Latin Americans criticized the US for interfering with their internal affairs.

17. Relations with Latin America, continued Relations with Mexico • Constant civil wars in Mexico • 1910 – one government overthrown by a government promising democratic reforms • 1913 – that government was overthrown by a dictator • 1914 – US Navy took over part of the Mexican port of Veracruz because of a mistaken arrest of US sailors. Emboldened rebels who then overthrew the dictator. US troops withdrew. • 1916 – Rebels led by General Francisco “Pancho” Villa removed 17 Americans from a train in Mexico and shot them. He then raided a town in New Mexico and killed 19 more Americans. • President Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing to take several thousand soldiers into Mexico to try to capture Villa. Mexico demanded that the invasion stop and the US refused. 1917 – after failing to capture Villa, Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw from Mexico. • Mexicans also began to resent the US US role in world affairs had dramatically changed over the years. We had troops and ships in Asia and Latin America. Our business interests were around the world. It was getting very difficult for us to ignore the war that had been going on in Europe since 1914.

18. The US has the right to interfere in Latin America to preserve law and order. The force of our ideas promoting democracy and peace, rather than force, should be used in Latin America. Dollar Diplomacy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine C. Moral Diplomacy Sphere of Influence Take out your index cards